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Реферат: Теории электрической связи: Расчет приемника, оптимальная фильтрация, эффективное кодирование (RTF)



1







Aeaiiua e ?an/aoai:



Aeae iiaeoeyoeee OI (oaciaay iiaeoeyoeey)

Niinia i?eaia neaiaea eiaa?aioiue

Iiuiinoue neaiaea ia auoiaea i?eaiieea (?n) = 4,2 (A)

Aeeeoaeueiinoue yeaeo?e/aneie iinueee (O) = 15 10-6 (nae.)

Niaeo?aeueiay ieioiinoue iiiaoe (No) = 1 10-5 (Ao/Aoe)

Aa?iyoiinoue ia?aaea/e neaiaea 1 ?(1) = 0,90

*enei o?iaiae eaaioiaaiey (N) = 128



































































1. No?oeoo?iay noaia nenoaiu nayce.





























?en.1.

Enoi/iee (ia?aaeao/ee) e iieo/aoaeue (i?eaiiee) neoaeao aeey iaiaia
iaeioi?ie eioi?iaoeeae. A iaeiii neo/aa ioi?aaeoaeai e iieo/aoaeai
eioi?iaoeee neoaeeo /aeiaae, a ae?oaii neo/aa yoi iiaeao auoue
eiiiuethoa? (oae iacuaaaiay oaeaiao?ey). I?e ia?aaea/a niiauaiey, neaiae
iinooiaao ia eiaee?othuaa ono?ienoai (eiaea?), a eioi?ii i?ienoiaeeo
i?aia?aciaaiea iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe yeaiaioia niiauaiey a iaeioi?oth
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue eiaeiauo neiaieia. Aeaeaa caeiaee?iaaiiue neaiae
i?ioiaeeo /a?ac iiaeoeyoi?, a eioi?ii ia?ae/iue (I*) neaiae
i?aia?acoaony ai aoi?e/iue (A*) neaiae, i?eaiaeiue aeey ia?aaea/e ii
eaiaeo nayce ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey. Eeiey nayce yoi n?aaea,
eniieuecoaiay aeey ia?aaea/e iiaeoee?iaaiiiai neaiaea io ia?aaeao/eea e
i?eaiieeo. Oaeie n?aaeie neoaeao: i?iaiae, aieiiaiae, yoe?). Iinea
i?ioiaeaeaiey ii eeiee nayce, neaiae iinooiaao ia i?eaiiee, a eioi?ii
i?ienoiaeeo ia?aoiue i?ioeann. A aeaiiaeoeyoi?a i?ienoiaeeo
i?aia?aciaaiea i?eiyoiai i?eaiieeii iiaeoee?iaaiiiai ia?ae/iiai (A*)
neaiaea ai aoi?e/iue (I*) neaiae. Aeaeaa aeaiiaeoee?iaaiiue neaiae
i?ioiaeeo /a?ac aeaeiaea?, a eioi?ii ainnoaiaaeeaaaony caeiaee?iaaiiia
niiauaiea.

A nenoaiao ia?aaea/e iai?a?uaiuo niiauaiee (aiaeiaiaay iiaeoeyoeey)
?aoathuay noaia ii?aaeaeyao ii aoi?e/iiio neaiaeo (A*) iaeaieaa aeeceee
ii cia/aieth ia?aaeaiiue ia?ae/iue neaiae e ainnoaiaaeeaaao aai.





1.1 Auai? noaiu i?eaiieea

Nenoaia OI yaeyaony iioeiaeueiie, eiaa?aioiie nenoaiie ia?aaea/e
aeaie/iuo neaiaeia. Ii n?aaiaieth N *I OI iaania/eaaao i?e iaeeiaeiaie
iiiaoionoie/eainoe aeaieiie auea?uo ii iieina /anoio e ii iiuiinoe,
caieiaaiie ia?aaeaaaaiui neaiaeii.

Oae eae i?e OI iaiaoiaeeii iieo/aoue eioi?iaoeeth i oaca i?eieiaaiiai
neaiaea, oi i?e yoii i?eaia a iaycaoaeueiii ii?yaeea eniieuecotho iaoiae
eiaa?aioiiai i?eaia.














































?en.2





O iieiniaie oeeueo?;

OAe oaciaue aeaoaeoi?;

A aaoa?iaeei;

OI* - oeeueo? ieaeiae /anoiou;

?O - ?aoathuaa ono?ienoai;

NO n?aaieaathuaa ono?ienoai;

IC iieina caaea?aeee.



A neaiaeao n oaciaie iaieioeyoeee (OI) ciae auoiaeiiai iai?yaeaiey
ii?aaeaeyaony oacie i?eiyoiai neaiaea a oaciaii aeaoaeoi?a OAe. Iiae
aicaeaenoaeai iiiaoe iiey?iinoue iai?yaeaiey iiaeao eciaieoueny ia
i?ioeaiiieiaeioth, /oi i?eaiaeeo e ioeaea. Yoi iiaeao i?iecieoe a oii
neo/aa, anee iiiaoa eciaieo ?acoeueoe?othuaai eieaaaiey ioiineoaeueii aa
iiieiaeueiiai cia/aiey ia oaie, eaaeauee a eioa?aaea io aei . I?e
iioeiaeueiii i?eaia OI neaiaeia a i?enoonoaee aaonniauo iiiao
i?aaeaa?eoaeueiay oeeueo?aoeey neaiaeia aei oaciaiai aeaoaeoi?a ia
yaeyaony iaycaoaeueiie, iaeiaei a ?aaeueiuo i?eaiieeao aeey iiaeaaeaiey
iiiao ae?oaeo aeaeia iau/ii eniieuecotho iieiniaua oeeueo?u O n iieinie
i?iioneaiey . Aaoa?iaeei A au?aaaouaaao iii?iue neaiae, /anoioa e oaca
eieaaaiee eioi?iai iieiinoueth niaiaaeaao n /anoioie e oacie iaeiiai ec
neaiaeia oaciaiai aeaoaeoi?a. I?e eiaa?aioiii i?eaia n?aaieaathony ia
oacu, a iiey?iinoe iinueie, iieo/aiiuo ia auoiaea OAe. Aeey n?aaiaiey
iiey?iinoae iinueie eniieuecothony oeaiue caaea?aeee e n?aaieaathuaa
ono?ienoai NO , ia auoiaea eioi?iai ia?acoaony iieiaeeoaeueiia
iai?yaeaiea, anee i?aaeuaeouay e ianoiyuay iinueee eiatho iaeeiaeiaoth
iiey?iinoue e iaeeiaeiaia iai?yaeaiea, eiaaea iiey?iinoe ninaaeieo
iinueie ?acee/iua. A i?eaaaeaiiie noaia eieaaaiey aaoa?iaeeia
neio?iiece?othony ii oaca i?eieiaaiui neaiaeii i?e iiiiue nenoaiu
neio?iiecaoeee. Oaca eieaaaiee aaoa?iaeeia oaeaea iaiaeiicia/ia e eiaao
aeaa onoie/eauo ninoiyiey 00 e 1800, a ioee/ee io noaiu n OI, ia?aoiae
oacu iiae aicaeaenoaeai iiiao ec iaeiiai ninoiyiey a ae?oaia ia
i?eaiaeeo e ia?aoiie ?aaioa.



Iieina i?iioneaiey eaiaeueiuo oeeueo?ia: ; (1)



Ii?aaeaeei aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee ia auoiaea OI i?eaiieea, i?e eiaa?aioiii
i?eaia neaiaea.



(2)



aaea q ioiioaiea neaae/ooi, au/eneyaony ii neaaeothuae oi?ioea:



(3)



Pc iiuiinoue i?eoiaeyuaai neaiaea;

- iieina i?iioneaiey eaiaeueiuo oeeueo?ia;

N0 niaeo?aeueiay ieioiinoue iiiaoe.



A aeaiiii neo/aa i?enoonoaoao aaeaeeoeaiay iiiaoa (Aaeue ooi n
aaonnianeei caeiiii ?ani?aaeaeaiey).



; .



A oi?ioea (1) i?enoonoaoao ooieoeey E?aiia, au?aaeathuae eioaa?ae
aa?iyoiinoe (oaaee/iia cia/aiea). [4].



Iaoiaeei a?aoiaio ooieoeee: ;



Ec oaaeeoeu, i?eaaaeaiiie a [4] iaoiaeei, /oi cia/aiea ooieoeee e?aiia
i?e aeaiiii a?aoiaioa .

Aeaeaa iiaenoaaei iaeaeaiiua cia/aiey a oi?ioeo (1), a ?acoeueoaoa
iieo/ei:



;

















Iino?iei a?aoee caaeneiinoe aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee io iiuiinoe neaiaea.





































?en.3



Ec i?eaaaeaiiiai auoa a?aoeea iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi n ?inoii
iiuiinoe neaiaea, aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee oiaiueoaaony ii
yeniiiaioeeaeueiiio caeiio.









2. N?aaiaiea aua?aiiie noaiu i?eaiieea n eaeaaeueiui i?eaiieeii
Eioaeueieeiaa



Iau/ii i?eaiiee iieo/aao ia aoiae nianue ia?aaeaaaaiiai neaiaea S(t) e
iiiaoe n(t). x(t)=S(t)+n(t). Eae i?aaeei ia?aaeaaaaiue neaiae S(t) yoi
neiaeiia eieaaaiea, eioi?ia niaea?aeeo e?iia a?aiaie, iiiaeanoai ae?oaeo
ia?aiao?ia (aiieeooaeo, oaco, /anoioo e o.ae.), o.a. neaiae
S(t)=f(a,b,c,?t).Aeey ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee eniieuecoaony iaeei, eee
a?oiia yoeo ia?aiao?ia, e aeey i?eaiieea caaea/a ninoieo a ii?aaeaeaiee
cia/aiee yoeo ia?aiao?ia a oneiaeyo iaoathuaai aeaenoaey iiiao.Anee
iinoaaeaiiay caaea/a ?aoaaony iaeeo/oei ia?acii, ii n?aaiaieth n
ae?oaeie i?eaiieeaie, oi oaeie i?eaiiee iiaeii iacaaoue i?eaiieeii,
iaania/eaathuei iioaioeeaeueioth iiiaoionoie/eainoue (eaeaaeueiue
i?eaiiee).











Noaia eaeaaeueiiai i?eaiieea









































?en 4



Aeaiiue i?eaiiee niaea?aeeo aeaa aaia?aoi?a iii?iuo neaiaeia S1(t) e
S2(t), eioi?ua au?aaaouaatho oaeea-aea neaiaeu, eioi?ua iiaoo iinooiaoue
ia aoiae i?eaiieea, a oaeaea aeaa eaaae?aoi?a e aeaa eioaa?aoi?a e noaio
n?aaiaiey, eioi?ay auiieiyao ooieoeee ?aniiciaaaiey e auai?a, oi?ie?oy
ia auoiaea neaiaeu S1 e S2. O.e. aeaiiay noaia eaeaaeueiiai i?eaiieea,
yaeyaony i?eaiieeii Eioaeueieeiaa, oi eae e iiiaea ae?oaea i?eaiieee
aeene?aoiuo neaiaeia, iia auaeaao ia auoiaea neaiaeu, ioee/iua io
ia?aaeaaaaiuo. Aeey ?aoaiey yoie caaea/e, a noaio aeeth/aiu
au?aaieaathuea ono?ienoaa.





Eae i?aaeei niinia ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee (eiaee?iaaiea e iiaeoeyoeey)
caaeai e caaea/a naiaeeony e iieneo iioeiaeueiie iiiaoionoie/eainoe,
eioi?oth iaania/eaatho ?acee/iua niiniau i?eaia.


Iiae iiiaoionoie/eainoueth nenoaiu nayce iiae?acoiaaaaony niiniaiinoue
nenoaiu ainnoaiaaeeaaoue neaiaeu n caaeaiiie aeinoiaa?iinoueth.
I?aaeaeueii aeiionoeiay iiiaoionoie/eainoue iacuaaaony iioaioeeaeueiie.
N?aaiaiea iioaioeeaeueiie e ?aaeueiie iiiaoionoie/eainoe iicaieyao
aeaoue ioeaieo ea/anoaa i?eaia aeaiiiai ono?ienoaa e iaeoe aua ia
eniieueciaaiiua ?ano?nu. Naaaeaiey i iioaioeeaeueiie
iiiaoionoie/eainoe i?eaiieea i?e ?acee/iuo niiniaao ia?aaea/e iicaieytho
n?aaieoue yoe niiniau iaaeaeo niaie e iaeoe iaeaieaa niaa?oaiiua.



2.1. ?anniio?ei e n?aaiei aiieeooaeioth, /anoioioth e oaciaoth
(aeene?aoiua) iiaeoeyoeee.



AeENE?AOIAss AIIEIOOAeIAss IIAeOEssOeEss (AeAI).



Neaiae, iinooiathuee ia aoiae i?eaiieea (AeAI) eiaao neaaeothuee aeae:







Aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee caaeneo ia io ioiioaiey iiuiinoe neaiaea e iiuiinoe
ioeaee, a io ioiioaiey yia?aee neaiaea e niaeo?aeueiie ieioiinoe iiiaoe.



(Ey ?aaia yia?aee ia?aiai neaiaea)

oiaaea a?aoiaio ooieoeee E?aiia O(x) ?aaia , iiaenoaaeyy yoi au?aaeaiea
a oi?ioeo aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee iieo/ei:



- aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee aeey AeAI. (4)



S1



AeAI ?en. 5



S2



Ia ?en.5 i?aaenoaaeaia aaeoi?iay aeeaa?aiia aeey AeAI ec iaa aeaeii, /oi
?annoiyiea iaaeaeo aaeoi?aie S1 e S2 ?aaii aeeeia aaeoi?a S1.



AeENE?AOIAss *ANOIOIAss IIAeOEssOeEss (Ae*I).



Neaiae, iinooiathuee ia aoiae i?eaiieea, i?e aeaiiii aeaea iiaeoeyoeee
eiaao aeae:







I?e /anoioiie iiaeoeyoeee neaiaeu S1(t) e S2(t) yaeythony
acaeiii?oiaiiaeueiuie, a nayce n yoei ooieoeey acaeiiie ei??aeyoeee
?aaia ioeth. E oae eae aiieeooaeu neaiaeia S1(t) e S2(t) ?aaiu, oi
A1=A2. A ?acoeueoaoa /aai Ay=2A1, a a?aoiaio ooieoeee E?aiia aoaeao
?aaai: h0.











Iiyoiio iiaenoaaeyy yoo aaee/eio a oi?ioeo aa?iyoiinoe iieo/ei: -
aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee, i?e Ae*I. (5)



S1





Ae*I ?en. 6



0 S2





Ia ?en.6 i?aaenoaaeaia aaeoi?iay aeeaa?aiia Ae*I, ia eioi?ie iiaeii
caiaoeoue, /oi ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo aaeoi?aie (acaeiii?oiaiiaeueiua
neaiaeu) ?aaii . Caiaoei, /oi ii n?aaiaieth n AeAI, iu iieo/aai aeaieiie
auea?uo ii iiuiinoe.



AeENE?AOIAss OACIAAss IIAeOEssOeEss (AeOI).



I?e AeOI neaiae, iinooiathuee ia aoiae i?eaiieea eiaao neaaeothuee aeae:







A aeaiiii neo/aa a?aoiaio ooieoeee E?aiia aoaeao ?aaai:



Iiyoiio iiaenoaaeyy yoo aaee/eio a oi?ioeo aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee iieo/ei:



(6)



S1





AeOI 0 ?en.7







S2



Ec i?eaaaeaiiie aaeoi?iie aeeaa?aiiu aeaeii, /oi ?annoiyiea iaaeaeo
aaeoi?aie neaiaeia ?aaii 2S1. Yia?aey i?iii?oeeiiaeueia eaaae?aoo
?aciinoe neaiaeia.





Caiaoei, /oi ii n?aaiaieth n AeAI iu iieo/ei /aou?aoe?aoiue auea?uo ii
iiuiinoe.



Neaaeoao ooi/ieoue, /oi i?eaaaeaiiua aeaiiua i yia?aee neaiaeia AeAI,
Ae*I e AeOI ioiinyony e ieeiaui iiuiinoyi yoeo neaiaeia. A yoii niunea
i?e ia?aoiaea io Ae*I e AeAI iu eiaai aeaoe?aoiue auea?uo a ieeiaie
iiuiinoe, iaeiaei i?e AeAI neaiaeu eiatho ianneaioth iaoco, o.a.
iiuiinoue neaiaeia a iaoca ?aaia ioeth, iiyoiio ii iio?aaeyaiie
ia?aaeao/eeii iiuiinoe, e?iia i?iea?uoa ii iiuiinoe, eiaaony aua e
aeaoe?aoiue auea?uo. N o/aoii yoiai, i?e ia?aoiaea io Ae*I e AeAI
i?iea?uo ii iiuiinoe eiiiaine?oaony aeaoe?aoiui auea?uoai ca n/ao
ianneaiie iaocu AeAI, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai ii iio?aaeyaiie iiuiinoe yoe
neaiaeu ieacuaathony ?aaiioeaiiuie, iaeiaei i?e AeAI o?oaeii onoaiiaeoue
iaiaoiaeeiue ii?ia a n?aaieaathuai ono?ienoaa, a i?e i?eaia neaiaeia
Ae*I ?aaoee?iaea ii?iaa ia o?aaoaony, a nayce n yoei naienoaii Ae*I
i?eiaiyaony /aua, /ai *AI.



Aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee caaeneo io aa?iyoiinoe iaei??aeoiiai i?eaia neaiaeia
S1 e S2, ii i?e i?eiaiaiee i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa i?aaeiieaaaaony /oi
eaiae nayce neiiao?e/iue, o.a. niaianoiua aa?iyoiinoe ia?aaea/e e
i?eaia neaiaeia

S1 e S2 ?aaiu. Enoiaey ec yoiai caieoai oi?ioeo aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee: (7)



Aicueiai oi?ioeo 7 ca iniiao aeey ii?aaeaeaiee aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee a
i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa.



I?aaeiieiaeei, /oi iai ecaanoii, /oi ia aoiae i?eaiieea iinooiaao
neaiae S1(t). a yoii neo/aa eniieuecoy i?aaeei i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa,
a eioi?ii aeieaeii auiieiyoueny neaaeothuaa ia?aaainoai:



(8)



I?e neeueiie iiiaoa ciae ia?aaainoaa iiaeao eciaieoueny ia
i?ioeaiiieiaeiue, a ?acoeueoaoa /aai aianoi neaiaea S1(t) ia aoiae
iiaeao iinooieoue neaiae S2(t), o.a. i?iecieaeao ioeaea. Iiyoiio
aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee iiaeii ?anniao?eaaoue, eae aa?iyoiinoue eciaiaiey
ciaea ia?aaainoaa (8). Iiaenoaaeyy aianoi x(t)=S1(t)+n(t).
I?aia?aciauaay iieo/aai:





(8)





Aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee a i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa, au?aaeaiiay, /a?ac
yeaeaaeaioioth yia?aeth Ay, eioi?ay i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ?aciinoue
neaiaeia S1(t) e S2(t) e aoaeao ii?aaeaeyoueny oi?ioeie:







Oi?ioeu aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee aeey AeAI, Ae*I e AeOI. I?eaaaeaiu
niioaaonoaaiii: 6, 5, 4.



2.1.2. I?aia?aciaaiea i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa i?eiaieoaeueii e oaciaie
iiaeoeyoeee.



I?eaiiee Eioaeueieeiaa, yaeythueeny eaeaaeueiui e iaania/eaathuee
iioeiaeueioth iiiaoionoie/eainoue eniieuecoao aeey i?eaia e
?aniiciaaaiey eioi?iaoeee, ia?aaeaaaaiie ii eaiaeo nayce ana ia?aiao?u
ia?aaeaaaaiiai neaiaea (oaca, /anoioa, aiieeooaea), e?iia oiai a
i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa, a ioee/ee io ?aaeueiiai i?eaiieea ionoonoaotho
oeeueo?u ia aoiaea, iaania/eaathuea oeeueo?aoeeth iiiao. Noaia i?eaiieea
Eioaeueieeiaa i?eaaaeaia ia ?en. . A ea/anoaa iii?iiai aaia?aoi?a
i?eiaiei oaciaue iii?iue aaoa?iaeei. Noaia i?aia?aciaaiiiai i?eaiieea
i?eaaaeaia ia ?en.8.





































?en.8









Au/eneei ioiioaiea yia?aee neaiaea A e niaeo?aeueiie ieioiinoe N0.



Yia?aey neaiaea i?e oaciaie iiaeoeyoeee au/eneyaony ii oi?ioea:



Ey=Pc T (2.1.)



, ioeoaea ioiioaiea yia?aee e niaeo?aeueiie ieioiinoe neaiaea aoaeao
?aaii:



;



Iaeaeai aa?iyoiinoue ioeaee a i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa, i?eiaieoaeueii e
oaciaie iiaeoeyoeee.



; (2.2.) ; .



Ec n?aaiaiey iioaioeeaeueiie iiiaoionoie/eainoe i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa
n iioaioeeaeueiie iiiaoionoie/eainoueth eiaa?aioiiai i?eaiieea n oaciaie
iiaeoeyoeeae, iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi iiiaoionoie/eainoue
i?eaiieea, eniieuecothuaai a ea/anoaa eioi?iaoeeiiiiai ia?aiao?a oaco,
ii/oe i?eaeeaeaia e aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee i?eaiieea Eioaeueieeiaa.





3. Iioeiaeueiay oeeueo?aoeey.



Ioiaoei, /oi iioeiaeueiue i?eaiiee, yaeyaony ei??aeyoeeiiiui, neaiae ia
aai auoiaea i?aaenoaaeyao niaie ooieoeeth ei??aeyoeee i?eieiaaiiai e
iaeeaeaaiiai neaiaeia, aeaaiaea?y /aio iaania/eaaaony
iaeneiaeueii-aiciiaeiia ioiioaiea neaiae/ooi.

Oae eae ii?aaeaeaiea ooieoeee ei??aeyoeee yaeyaony eeiaeiie, oi a?
iiaeii ?aaeeciaaoue a iaeioi?ii eeiaeiii oeeueo?a, oa?aeoa?enoeee
eioi?iai yaeythony oaeeie, /oi ioiioaiea neaiae/ooi ia aai auoiaea
iieo/aaony iaeneiaeueiui. Caaea/a iioeiaeueiie oeeueo?aoeee iai?a?uaiiai
neaiaea noaaeony oae, /oiau ia?aaioaa i?eiyoue neaiae, iieo/eoue ia
auoiaea i?eaiieea neaiae, iaeiaiaa ioee/athueeny io ia?aaeaiiiai
neaiaea. ?aoaiea yoie caaea/e iniiauaaaony ia o?ao iniiaiuo
i?aaeiieiaeaieyo:

1. Neaiae S(t) e iiiaoa w(t) i?aaenoaaeytho niaie noaoeeiia?iua
neo/aeiua i?ioeannu;

2. Iia?aoeey oeeueo?aoeee i?aaeiieaaaaony eeiaeiie;

3. E?eoa?eai iioeiaeueiinoe n/eoaaony ieieioi n?aaeiaeaaae?aoe/iie
ioeaee.



?anniio?ei caaea/o neioaca oeeueo?ia, eioi?ua eniieuecothony a noaiao
iaia?oaeaiey e ?acee/aiey aeene?aoiuo neaiaeia. Eae i?aaeei yoe oeeueo?u
noaayony ia?aae ?aoathuei ono?ienoaii, caaea/a eioi?iai auianoe ?aoaiea
a iieueco oiai eee eiiai neaiaea. Ioaeii ioiaoeoue aaaeiia
ianoiyoaeuenoai, /oi i?e i?eaia aeene?aoiuo neaiaeia iao iaiaoiaeeiinoe
caaioeoueny i nio?aiaiee oi?iu neaiaea. Iniiaiay caaea/a iaania/eoue
ieieioi ioeai/iuo ?aoaiee i?e i?eaia neaiaeia. I/aaeaeii, /oi
aa?iyoiinoue ioeai/iiai i?eaia aoaeao oiaiueoaoueny. Iiyoiio i?e neioaca
oeeueo?ia aeey aeene?aoiuo neaiaeia eniieuecoaony e?eoa?ee iaeneioia
ioiioaiey neaiae/ooi ia auoiaea oeeueo?a. Oeeueo?u, oaeiaeaoai?ythuea
aeaiiiio e?eoa?eth iiaoo iacuaaoueny iioeiaeueiuie oeeueo?aie, eee
oeeueo?aie, iaeneiece?othueie ioiioaiea neaiae/ooi.

Ia aoiae oeeueo?a n ia?aaeaoi/iie ooieoeeae K(jw) iiaeaaony nianue
neaiaea S(t) e iiiaoe n(t). Iieaaaai neaiae iieiinoueth ecaanoiui,
iaecaanoiui n/eoaaony eeoue oaeo aai i?enoonoaey. Ecaanoiu oaeaea
noaoenoe/aneea oa?aeoa?enoeee ooia (iiiaoe). O?aaoaony neioace?iaaoue
oaeie oeeueo? (o.a. Eiio(jw)), eioi?ue iaania/eaae au ia auoiaea a
caaeaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie (iiiaio i?eiyoey ?aoaiey) t0 iaeaieueoaa
ioiioaiea ieeiaiai cia/aiey neaiaea y(t0) e n?aaeiaeaaae?aoe/iiio ooio
n:



(3.1.)



?anniio?ei neo/ae, eiaaea ooi ia aoiaea oeeueo?a eiaao ?aaiiia?iue
yia?aaoe/aneee niaeo? G(w)=02 (aaeue ooi). Neaiae iiaeao auoue caaeai
naiae a?aiaiiie ooieoeeae S(t) eee eiiieaeniui niaeo?ii.





eiiieaeniue eiyooeoeeaio ia?aaea/e oeeueo?a i?aaenoaaei a oi?ia:







oiaaea aeey neaiaea e aeenia?nee ooia ia auoiaea oeeueo?a iiaeii
caienaoue:



(3.2.)

(3.3.)





I?eiai t0 eae iaeioi?ue oeene?iaaiiue iiiaio a?aiaie, i?e eioi?ii
aiieeooaea ia auoiaea oeeueo?a aeinoeaaao naiaai iaeneiaeueiiai
cia/aiey. Aeey yoiai cia/aiey a?aiaie iieo/ei:



(3.4.)



ioiioaiea eaaae?aoa ieeiaiai cia/aiey neaiaea e aeenia?nee ooia a iiiaio
a?aiaie t0 aoaeao ?aaii:



(3.5.)



Aeaeueoa caaea/a naiaeeoueny e iouneaieth eiyooeoeeaioa ia?aaea/e
Kiio(jw), iaania/eaathuaai iaeneioi cia/aiey h2. Aeey yoiai iiaeii
ainiieueciaaoueny ia?aaainoaii Oaa?oea-Aoiyeianeiai aeey eiiieaeniuo
ooieoeee.



(3.6.)



aeaiiia ia?aaainoai i?aa?auaaony a ?aaainoai oieueei i?e oneiaee:



, aaea a iaeioi?ay iinoiyiiay. (3.7.)



Iiaenoaaeyy ia?aaainoai (3.6.) a (3.7.), caia/aai, /oi iaeneioi
aaee/eiu h2 iaania/eaaaony i?e auiieiaiee oneiaey:



(3.8.)



ec iineaaeiaai au?aaeaiey iieo/ei:



K(w)=aS(w), K(w)+S(w)+wt0=0



Ioeoaea iaoiaeei:



K(w)+S(w)+wt0=0



K(w)=-S(w)-wt0.







Oaeei ia?acii, ia?aaeaoi/iay ooieoeey iioeiaeueiiai oeeueo?a aeieaeia
ii?aaeaeyoueny au?aaeaieai:



(3.9.), aaea * iaicia/aao eiiieaenii-nii?yaeaiioth aaee/eio. Oiaaea
ioiioaiea neaiae/ooi a iiiaio a?aiaie t0 aoaeao ?aaii:



, aaea E yia?aey neaiaea ia aoiaea oeeueo?a. Aaee/eia hm2
ii?aaeaeyaony oieueei yia?aeae neaiaea e ia caaeneo io aai oi?iu.



Iiyniaiey e iieo/aiiui ?acoeueoaoai.

A*O iioeiaeueiiai oeeueo?a ioee/aaony iinoiyiiui iiiaeeoaeai io
aiieeooaeiiai niaeo?a neaiaea, iiyoiio iioeiaeueiue oeeueo? i?iioneaao
?acee/iua /anoioiua ninoaaeythuea neaiaea ia?aaiiia?ii n oai aieueoei
ineaaeaieai, /ai iaiueoa eioaineaiinoue yoeo ninoaaeythueo, a
?acoeueoaoa iieiay iiuiinoue ooia ia auoiaea oeeueo?a iieo/aaony
iaiueoae, /ai i?e ?aaiiia?iie A*O.

Caiaoei, /oi /eai au?aaeaiey wt0 aeey oaciaie oa?aeoa?enoeee icia/aao
naeaea ai a?aiaie ia aaee/eio t0 anao /anoioiuo ninoaaeythueo neaiaea.
I?eaaaeaiiua ?aaainoaa icia/atho, /oi a iiiaio a?aiaie t0 ana
niaeo?aeueiua ninoaaeythuea neaiaea oeeueo?a eiatho iaeio e oo aea
ia/aeueioth oaco. Iioeiaeueiue oeeueo? iaania/eaaao eiiiainaoeeth
ia/aeueiuo oac ninoaaeythueo neaiaea. Neeaaeuaaynue a oaca,
niaeo?aeueiua ninoaaeythuea neaiaea ia?acotho a iiiaio a?aiaie t0
ieeiaue aua?in auoiaeiiai neaiaea. Ia ninoaaeythuea ooia, eiathuea
neo/aeiua ia/aeueiua oacu, iioeiaeueiue oeeueo? oaeiai aeeyiey ia
ieacuaaao.

Aneaaenoaea yoeo aeaoo i?e/ei iioeiaeueiue oeeueo? iaania/eaaao
iaeneioi ieeiaiai iai?yaeaiey neaiaea e n?aaeiaeaaae?aoe/iiio cia/aieth
ooia.

Oae eae /anoioiua oa?aeoa?enoeee iioeiaeueiiai oeeueo?a,
iaania/eaathuaai iaeneioi ioiioaiey neaiae/ooi, iieiinoueth
ii?aaeaeythony niaeo?ii (o.a. oi?iie) neaiaea, oi aiai?yo, /oi iie
niaeaniaaiu n neaiaeii, a oaeie oeeueo? iacuaatho niaeaniaaiiui aeey
aeaiiiai neaiaea. Neaaeoao ioiaoeoue, /oi iioeiaeueiue oeeueo? aeey
neaiaea S(t) aoaeao yaeyoueny iioeiaeueiui e aeey anao neaiaeia oie aea
oi?iu, ii ioee/athueony io iaai aiieeooaeie, a?aiaiiui iieiaeaieai e
ia/aeueiie oacie caiieiaiey (aeey ?aaeeieiioeuenia).

Iieo/aiiua auoa ?acoeueoaou ioiinyony e neo/ath i?eaia neaiaeia n aaeui
ooiii. ?anniao?eaay aieaa iauee neo/ae, eiaaea ooi eiaao ia?aaiiia?ioth
niaeo?aeueioth ieioiinoue Gn(w), iiaeii iieacaoue, /oi ia?aaeaoi/iay
ooieoeey iioeiaeueiiai oeeueo?a aeieaeia ii?aaeaeyoueny au?aaeaieai











(3.10.)



Iioeiaeueiue oeeueo? a yoii neo/aa iiaeii i?aaenoaaeoue a aeaea
iineaaeiaaoaeueiiai niaaeeiaiey aeaoo oeeueo?ia. Ia?aue ec ieo eiaao
aiieeooaeii-/anoioioth oa?aeoa?enoeeo , aai iacia/aiea iaaeeoue ooi,
eioi?ue iinooiaao ia aoiae oeeueo?a. Aoi?ie oeeueo? n ia?aaeaoi/iie
oa?aeoa?enoeeie K2(jw) yaeyaony iioeiaeueiui aeey eneaaeaiiiai neaiaea
(iinea ia?aiai oeeueo?a), ii oaea i?e aaeii ooia.





Caeanue eioa?anii ioiaoeoue neaaeothuaa ianoiyoaeuenoai.Anee eaaae?ao
aiieeooaeii-/anoioiiai niaeo?a neaiaea niaiaaeaao ii oi?ia ni
niaeo?aeueiie ieioiinoueth ooia, o.a. , oi A*O iioeiaeueiiai oeeueo?a
aeieaeia auoue ?aaiiia?iie (K(w)=K=const).

Ii?aaeaeei eiioeuenioth ia?aoiaeioth ooieoeeth niaeaniaaiiiai
oeeueo?a. Eiioeueniie ia?aoiaeiie ooieoeeae iacuaaaony ioeeee oeaie ia
ei?ioeee eiioeuen (aeaeueoa-ooieoeey). Iia naycaia n ia?aaeaoi/iie
oa?aeoa?enoeeie i?aia?aciaaiea Oo?uea:



(3.11.)



Oae eae aeey niaeaniaaiiiai oeeueo?a , oi aeey g(t) iieo/ei



(3.12)



Oaeei ia?acii, eiioeueniay ia?aoiaeiay ooieoeey niaeaniaaiiiai oeeueo?a
aeey neaiaea S(t) ioee/aaony io a?aiaiiie ooieoeee, iienuaathuae yoio
neaiae, oieueei iinoiyiiui iiiaeeoaeai, niauaieai ai a?aiaie ia aaee/eio
t0 e ciaeii a?aoiaioa t. Ae?oaeie neiaaie, eiioeueniay ia?aoiaeiay
ooieoeey niaeaniaaiiiai oeeueo?a yaeyaony ca?eaeueiui io?aaeaieai
a?aiaiiie ooieoeee neaiaea, naeaeiooui ia aaee/eio t0.




















Aaee/eia t0 auae?aaony ec oneiaey oece/aneie ?aaeecoaiinoe oeeueo?a,
niaeanii eioi?iio ioeeee oeaie ia iiaeao iia?aaeaoue aicaeaenoaea. Anee
ia aoiae oeeueo?a iiaeaaony aeaeueoa-ooieoeey a iiiaio a?aiaie t=0, oi
ioeeee (eiioeueniay ?aaeoeey) oeeueo?a iiaeao iiyaeoueny eeoue i?e t>0.
Oieueei i?e auiieiaiee yoiai oneiaey iiaeao auoue eniieueciaaia any
yia?aey neaiaea aeey nicaeaiey ieeiaiai aua?ina a iiiaio a?aiaie t=t0.
Iau/ii auae?atho t0=T. Iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi niaeaniaaiea
neaiaeia aiciiaeii eeoue aeey neaiaeia eiia/iie aeeeoaeueiinoe, o.a.
eiioeueniuo neaiaeia.





4. Ia?aaea/a aiaeiaiauo neaiaeia iaoiaeii EEI.



Niaeanii oai?aia ion/aoia iai?a?uaiue neaiae iiaeii ia?aaeaaaoue
iaiiaaiiuie cia/aieyie yoiai neaiaea (ion/aoaie), neaaeothueie n
ii?aaeaeaiiie /anoioie iiaoi?aiey. Iineaaeiyy aeieaeia auoue aieueoa ia
iaiaa, /ai a 2 ?aca ia?aaeaaaaiie /anoiou aoiaeiiai neaiaea. Oaeia
i?aaenoaaeaiea neaaea ai a?aiaie iacuaaaony aeene?aoecaoeeae.

Eioi?iaoeey i iaiiaaiiii cia/aiee aoiaeiiai iai?a?uaiiai neaiaea iiaeao
auoue ia?aaeaia a noi?iio i?eaiieea iaiin?aaenoaaiii a oi?ia ion/aoia
aiieeooaeii-iiaeoee?iaaiiuo eiioeuenia, acyouo a ii?aaeaeaiiua a?aiaiiua
iiiaiou, i?e/ai aeeeoaeueiinoue eiioeuenia, eae i?aaeei i/aiue iaea ii
n?aaiaieth n ia?eiaeii eo iiaoi?aiey. A eioa?aaeao iaaeaeo aeaoiy
ninaaeieie ion/aoaie iaeiiai neaiaea iineaaeiaaoaeueii ai a?aiaie iiaeii
?acianoeoue ion/aou ae?oaeo ia?aaeaaaaiuo neaiaeia, a ia i?eaiiie
noi?iia yoe ion/aou ?ani?aaeaeeoue iaaeaeo eaiaeaie.

A iniiaa aiieeooaeii-eiioeueniie iiaeoeyoeee (AEI) eaaeeo ia?aaea/a
neaiaeia a aeaea eiioeuenia, i?iiiaeoee?iaaiiuo ii aiieeooaea. Iiae
aeeyieai iiiao, aicieeathueo a o?aeoa ia?aaea/e, i?ienoiaeyo neo/aeiua
eciaiaiey oi?iu e aiieeooaeu ia?aaeaaaaiuo eiioeuenia, /oi i?e
ainnoaiiaeaiee enoiaeiiai iai?a?uaiiai neaiaea i?iyaeyaony a aeaea
aeiiieieoaeueiiai ooia. Oece/anee oiaiueoaiea yoiai ooia aiciiaeii
eeoue ca n/ao nieaeaiey o?iaiy iiiao a o?aeoa ia?aaea/e, /oi i?aeoe/anee
i?eaiaeeo e oiaiueoaieth aeaeueiinoe nayce.

Eciaiaiea aiieeooaeu iaeiaei iiaeii ia?aaeaaaoue a aeaea eciaiaiey
aeeeoaeueiinoe eiioeuenia. Aiieeooaea oe?ioii-iiaeoee?iaaiiuo eiioeuenia
(OEI) iinoiyiii, i?e yoii oaeaaony nieceoue aeeyiea aiaoieo iiiao i?e
ia?aaea/a eiioeuenia, /oi aeaao aiciiaeiinoue cia/eoaeueii oaaee/eoue
aeaeueiinoue nayce.

Ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee iooai eciaiaiey iieiaeaiey eiioeuena iinoiyiiie
aiieeooaeu e aeeeoaeueiinoe eaaeeo a iniiaa a?aiy-eiioeueniie
iiaeoeyoeee (AEI).











































Iienaiiua aeaeu eiioeueniie iiaeoeyoeee (AEI, OEI, AEI) niioiinyony eae
iau/iua (AI, *I, OI) e yaeythony aiaeiaiauie iaoiaeaie eiioeueniie
iiaeoeyoeee, iauei iaaeinoaoeii eioi?uo yaeythony aeanoeea o?aaiaaiey e
ia?aiao?ai eeiee nayce, o.e. iiiaoe, eioi?ua iaeeaaeuaathony ia
ia?aaeaaaaiue iiaeoee?iaaiiue eiioeuen, eciaiytho aai oi?io, /oi a
i?eaiieea io?aaeaaony eae aeiiieieoaeueiue ooi. Yoio ooi cia/eoaeueii
oaaee/eaaaony i?e ia?aaea/a eioi?iaoeee ia aieueoea ?annoiyiey, o.e.
eneaaeaiey eiioeuenia ioaeaeueiuo o/anoeia neeaaeuaathony. Oaoie/aneea
ia?aie/aiey, iaeeaaeuaaaiua ia i?eaaaeaiiua auoa niiniau eiioeueniie
iiaeoeyoeee aaee e aeaeueiaeoaio iieneo niiniaia , i?e eioi?uo aeey
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee iiaeii auei iieiinoueth ia?aeoe e /enoi oeeo?iaie
oi?ia neaiaea, ia?aaeaaaaiiai ii o?aeoo ia?aaea/e. ?acoeueoaoii yoiai
iienea yaeeanue eiioeuenii-eiaeiaay iiaeoeyoeey (EEI).



4.1. I?eioeei EEI.

Aoiaeiie iai?a?uaiue neaiae x=f(t) aeenee?aoece?oaony a niioaaonoaee n
oai?aiie ion/aoia, a aiieeooaea AEI eiioeuenia, ioia?aaeathuay
iaiiaaiiia cia/aiea aoiaeiiai neaiaea a iiiaio aeene?aoecaoeee,
i?aia?acoaony eiaea?ii a aeaie/iua /enea. Oae eae /enei neiaieia n a
aeaie/iii /enea, io?aaeathuai aiieeooaeo eiioeuena, ia?aie/aii, oi
ia?aie/aii e /enei oeeo?, iicaieythueo iaicia/eoue aiieeooaeo
niioaaonoaothuaai eiioeuena. Iiyoiio eiaea? ia iiaeao a aieueoeinoaa
neo/aaa oi/ii caeiaee?iaaoue aiieeooaeo eiioeuenia, a i?iecaiaeeo
ie?oaeaiea aei aeeaeaeoae ii?ie?iaaiiie aiieeooaeu, eioi?ay iiaeao auoue
ia?aaeaia aeaie/iui /eneii n ia?aie/aiiui eiee/anoaii ?ac?yaeia.
Ionthaea neaaeoao, /oi eiaea? aeieaeai iineaaeiaaoaeueii ia?aaiaeeoue
iai?a?uaii eciaiythueany aiieeooaeu AEI eiioeuenia a eaaioiaaiiua ii
o?iaith AEI eiioeuenu e eiaee?iaaoue, o.a. au?aaeaoue eo /a?ac
aeene?aoii-eaaioiaaiiua ii o?iaith aaee/eiu a aeaie/iii eiaea. A?oiia
aeaie/iuo neiaieia, eioi?ay eniieuecoaony aeey ia?aaea/e iaeiie
aeene?aoii-eaaioiaaiiie aiieeooaeu, iacuaaaony eiaeiaie a?oiiie
(eiaeiaia neiai). *enei o?iaiae eaaioiaaiey a eiaeiaie a?oiia n
eiee/anoaii ?ac?yaeia n ?aaii:



N=2n

, oiaaea /enei ?ac?yaeia, i?e ecaanoiii eiee/anoaa o?iaiae eaaioiaaiey
aoaeao ?aaii: , i?e N=128 .



Aeene?aoecaoeey neaiaea.

Aeene?aoecaoeey ia?aue oaa i?e i?aia?aciaaiee aiaeiaiaiai neaiaea a
oeeo?iaoth oi?io. Ia aoiaea aeaeiaea?a iia iiyaeyaony a aeaea AEI
eiioeuenia, iinooiathueo ia auoiae /a?ac oeeueo? ieaeieo /anoio.

Oi?ia aiieeooaeii-iiaeoee?iaaiiuo eiioeuenia iiaeao auoue ?acee/iie e
caaeneo io noaiu aeene?aoecaoi?a e niiniaia eiaee?iaaiey e
aeaeiaee?iaaiey. I?e ia?aaea/a iaiaoiaeeii iieo/aoue eae iiaeii aieaa
oceea eiioeuenu ion/aoia, /oiau a eioa?aaeao iaaeaeo ieie ?acianoeoue
ion/aou neaiaeia inoaeueiuo eaiaeia nenoaia, a i?e i?eaia, iaiai?io, eae
iiaeii aieaa oe?ieea eiioeuenu ion/aoia, oae eae iiuiinoue
iecei/anoioiiai neaiaea ia aoiaea i?eaiieea caaeneo io yia?aee
eiioeuenia ion/aoia, ainnoaiiaeaiiuo ia auoiaea aeaeiaea?a.neaiae ia
auoiaea AEI eeth/a naiay i?inoay oi?ia aeene?aoece?iaaiiiai neaiaea, o
eioi?iai aa?oeiu eiioeuenia iiaoi?ytho oi?io enoiaeiiai iai?a?uaiiai
neaiaea.

Ia?aaea/a aiaeiaiauo neaiaeia oeeo?iauie iaoiaeaie nii?iaiaeaeaaony
ooiii eaaioiaaiey, aicieeathuei ec-ca aeaeaiey aeeiaie/aneiaiaeeaiaciia
eiaeaea ia eiia/iia /enei aeene?aoiuo aaee/ei (nooiaiae eaaioiaaiey).

I?aaeiieiaeei, /oi aanue aeeiaie/aneee aeeaiacii eiaea?a
y1,y2,?,yk, ?yN-1,yN? ?acaeaeai ia N iaeeiaeiauo nooiaiae eaaioiaaiey
. A oeaio?a eaaeaeie nooiaie ?aniieiaeai o?iaaiue, cia/aiea eioi?iai eee
aai ii?yaeeiaue iiia?. Eiaea? a i?ioeanna eiaee?iaaiey iiaeao au?aceoue
aeaie/iui /eneii. Iaicia/ei yoe o?iaie eaaioiaaiey /a?ac y1, y2, ?,yk,
?, yN. Aeaeaa i?aaeiieiaeei, /oi iaeneiaeueiia cia/aiea iai?a?uaiiai
aoiaeiiai neaiaea x=f(t) ia i?aauoaao iauaai aeeiaie/aneiai aeeaiaciia
eiaea?a (yoi i?aaeiieiaeaiea eneeth/aao aeiiieieoaeueiua ooiu ec-ca
ia?aie/aiey neaiaeia) e a eaaeaeue iiiaio ti aeinoeaaao xi=f(t). I?e
auiieiaiee iia?aoeee eaaioiaaiey aicieeaao ioeaea eaaioiaaiey di=xi-yk,
aaea yk aeeaeaeoee o?iaaiue eaaioiaaiey.

Ea/anoai ia?aaea/e a nenoaiao n EEI ioeaieaaaony ioiioaieai iiuiinoe
neaiaea e iiuiinoe ooia eaaioiaaiey , aeA

(4.2.1.)

ea/anoai iiauoaaony i?e oaaee/aiee oaaia eaaioiaaiey.





Iiuiinoue ooia eaaioiaaiey iiaeii iaeoe ec au?aaeaiey:

Pea=2/12, aaea - nooiaie eaaioiaaiey. =128, oiaaea ?ea=1365

Au/eneei ioiioaiea iiuiinoe neaiaea e iiuiinoe ooia eaaioiaaiey.



aeA.



N?aaiaiea aiaeiaiauo eiioeueniuo aeaeia iiaeoeyoeee (AEI, OEI, AEI) n
EEI iicaieyao naeaeaoue neaaeothuea auaiaeu:

- Eioi?iaoeey i iaiiaaiiuo ia?aiao?ao aoiaeiiai iai?a?uaiiai neaiaea
i?e aiaeiaiauo eiioeueniuo aeaeao iiaeoeyoeee ia?aaeaaony i?e
iai?a?uaiii eciaiaiee aiaeiaiauo aaee/ei (aiieeooaeu, aeeeoaeueiinoe,
a?aiaiiiai iieiaeaiey) eiioeuena. Aeeeoaeueiinoue aeaenoaey nenoai
ia?aaea/e n yoeie aeaeaie iiaeoeyoeee, eae i?aaeei, ia?aie/aia
eneaaeaieyie, aicieeathueie a i?ioeanna ia?aaea/e, aeaaiie i?e/eiie
eioi?uo yaeyaony /oanoaeoaeueiinoue ia?aaeaaaaiiai neaiaea e aiaoiei
iiiaoai;

- Eioi?iaoeey i iaiiaaiiuo ia?aiao?ao iai?a?uaiiai neaiaea a nenoaiao n
EEI ia?aaeaaony a aeaea aeaie/iuo /enae (eiaeiauo a?oii),
i?aaenoaaeaiiuo iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoueth eiioeuenia iaeeiaeiaie oi?iu e
aiieeooaeu. Oae eae eneaaeaiey yoeo eiioeuenia i?e oneiaee aacioeai/iie
?aaaia?aoeee ia aeeytho ia ea/anoai ia?aaea/e e eo n?aaieoaeueii eaaei
?aaaia?e?iaaoue, oi i?aeoe/anee iiaeii aeinoe/ue iacaaeneiinoe ea/anoaa
ia?aaea/e aoiaeiiai iai?a?uaiiai neaiaea io aeaeueiinoe nayce.
Iaiaoiaeeii iiiieoue, /oi i?e ia?aie/aiee /enea o?iaiae eaaioiaaiey
aoiaeiiai iai?a?uaiiai neaiaea iiyaeyaony aeiiieieoaeueiue ooi. E?iia
oiai, oeeo?iaua nenoaiu ia?aaea/e ii n?aaiaieth n aiaeiaiauie caieiatho
aieaa oe?ieoth iieino /anoio, /oi iauyniyaony caiaiie aiaeiaiaiai
neaiaea a?oiiie eiioeuenia.





5. Noaoenoe/aneia (yooaeoeaiia) eiaee?iaaiea.



Aeey aeene?aoiuo eaiaeia aac iiiao E.Oaiiiiii auea aeieacaia
neaaeothuay oai?aia: anee i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue enoi/ieea RE neieue oaiaeii iaeay aaee/eia, oi anaaaea nouanoaoao niinia
eiaee?iaaiey, iicaieythuee ia?aaeaaaoue ii eaiaeo ana niiauaiey
enoi/ieea. Ia?aaea/o anao niiauaiee i?e RE>C inouanoaeoue iaaiciiaeii.

Aeey ?aoeeiiaeueiiai eniieueciaaiey i?iioneiie niiniaiinoe eaiaea
iaiaoiaeeii i?eiaiyoue niioaaonoaothuea niiniau eiaee?iaaiey niiauaiee.
Noaoe/aneei eee iioeiaeueiui iacuaaaony eiaee?iaaiea, i?e eioi?ii
i?iioneiay niiniaiinoue eaiaea nayce aac iiiao eniieuecoaony iaeeo/oei
ia?acii. I?e iioeiaeueiii eiaee?iaaiee oaeoe/aneay nei?inoue ia?aaea/e
niiauaiee ii eaiaeo R i?eaeeaeaaony e i?iioneiie niiniaiinoe N, /oi
aeinoeaaaony iooai niaeaniaaiey enoi/ieea n eaiaeii. Niiauaiey enoi/ieea
eiaee?othony oaeei ia?acii, /oiau iie a iaeaieueoae noaiaie
niioaaonoaiaaee ia?aie/aieyi, eioi?ua iaeeaaeuaathony ia neaiaeu,
ia?aaeaaaaiua ii eaiaeo nayce. Iiyoiio no?oeoo?a iioeiaeueiiai eiaea
caaeneo eae io noaoenoe/aneeo oa?aeoa?enoee enoi/ieea, oae e io
iniaaiiinoae eaiaea.

Eiaee?iaaiea n eni?aaeaieai ioeaie (iiiaoionoie/eaia eiaee?iaaiea), ii
nouanoao, i?aaenoaaeyao niaie iaoiae ia?aaioee neaiaeia,
i?aaeiacia/aiiue aeey oaaee/aiey iaaeaaeiinoe ia?aaea/e ii oeeo?iaui
eaiaeai. oioy ?acee/iua noaiu eiaee?iaaiey i/aiue iaiioiaee ae?oa ia
ae?oaa e iniiaaiu ia ?acee/iuo iaoaiaoe/aneeo oai?eyo, anai ei i?enoue
aeaa iaueo naienoaa. Iaeii ec ieo ecauoi/iinoue. Caeiaee?iaaiiua
oeeo?iaua niiauaiey anaaaea niaea?aeao aeiiieieoaeueiua, eee ecauoi/iua
neiaieu. Yoe neiaieu eniieuecotho aeey oiai, /oiau iiae/a?eiooue
eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue eaaeaeiai niiauaiey. Ec i?eaaaeaiiie auoa
eioi?iaoeee iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi iiiaoionoie/eaia eiaee?iaaiea,
i?iea?uaaao ii nei?inoe ia?aaea/e n iioeiaeueiui eiaee?iaaieai ec-ca
ecauoi/iinoe eiaea, n ae?oaie noi?iiu iioeiaeueiia eiaee?iaaiea
i?eiaieii eeoue a eaiaeao, a eioi?uo aeeyiea iiiao iacia/eoaeueii.



Eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee

Anyeay nenoaia nayce no?ieony aeey ia?aaea/e niiauaiee io enoi/ieeia e
iio?aaeoaeth. I?e yoii eaaeaeia niiauaiea eiaao naia niaea?aeaiea e
ii?aaeaeaiioth oeaiiinoue aeey iio?aaeoaey. Iaeiaei aeey eaiaea nayce
nouanoaaiiui yaeyaony eeoue oio oaeo, /oi a ia?aaeaaaaiii niiauaiee
niaea?aeeony eaeia-oi eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee.

Eioi?iaoeey i?aaenoaaeyao niaie niaieoiiinoue naaaeaiee, eioi?ua
oaaee/eaatho ciaiey iio?aaeoaey i oii eee eiii iauaeoa, io eioi?iai
iieo/aiu yoe naaaeaiey.

Aeey oiai, /oiau eiaoue aiciiaeiinoue n?aaieaaoue ?acee/iua eaiaeu
nayce, iaiaoiaeeii eiaoue iaeioi?oth eiee/anoaaiioth ia?o, iicaieythuoth
ioeaieoue niaea?aeauothny a ia?aaeaaaaiii niiauaiee eioi?iaoeeth. Oaeay
ia?a a aeaea eiee/anoaa ia?aaeaaaaiie eioi?iaoeee auea aaaaeaia
E.Oaiiiiii.

A ?aaeueiuo enoi/ieeao niiauaiee auai? yeaiaioa?iiai niiauaiey yaeyaony
aeey iio?aaeoaey neo/aeiui niauoeai e i?ienoiaeeo n iaeioi?ie ai?ei?iie
aa?iyoiinoueth P(xk). I/aaeaeii, /oi eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee,
niaea?aeauaany a niiauaieyo xK, aeieaeii yaeyoueny iaeioi?ie ooieoeeae
yoie aa?iyoiinoe

(5.1.1)

Ooieoeey i?e yoii oaeiaeaoai?youe o?aaiaaieth aaeaeeoeaiinoe, niaeanii
eioi?iio n iaeeiaeiauo niiauaiee aeieaeiu niaea?aeaoue a n ?ac aieueoaa
eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee. Aeey ecia?aiey eiee/anoaa eioi?iaoeee i?eiyoi
eniieueciaaoue eiaa?eoie/aneoth ooieoeeth, i?aeoe/anee iaeaieaa
oaeiaioth e ioaa/athuoth o?aaiaaieth aaeaeeoeaiinoe.

(5.1.2.)

Oaeei ia?acii, ii?aaeaeaiea eiee/anoaa eioi?iaoeee a yeaiaioa?iii
niiauaiee xK naiaeeony e au/eneaieth eiaa?eoia aa?iyoiinoe iiyaeaiey
(auai?a) yoiai niiauaiey.

A oaoieea nayce iaeaieaa /anoi eniieuecothony aeaie/iua eiaeu. A yoii
neo/aa ca aaeeieoeo eioi?iaoeee oaeiaii i?eiyoue eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee,
niaea?aeauaany a niiauaiee, aa?iyoiinoue auai?a eioi?iai ?aaia . Yoa
aaeeieoea eioi?iaoeee iacuaaaony aeaie/iie eee aeoii.

A iaeioi?uo neo/ayo aieaa oaeiaiui yaeyaony iaoo?aeueiue eiaa?eoi.
Iaeia iaoo?aeueiay aaeeieoea niioaaonoaoao eiee/anoao eioi?iaoeee,
eioi?ia niaea?aeeony a niiauaiee n aa?iyoiinoueth auai?a .



Ec oi?ioeu neaaeoao, /oi niiauaiea niaea?aeeo oai aieueoaa eiee/anoai
eioi?iaoeee, /ai iaiueoa aa?iyoiinoue aai iiyaeaiey.





Yio?iiey enoi/ieea niiauaiee.



A oai?ee nayce iniiaiia cia/aiea eiaao ia eiee/anoai eioi?iaoeee,
niaea?aeauaany a ioaeaeueiii niiauaiee, a n?aaeiaa eiee/anoai
eioi?iaoeee, nicaeaaaaiia enoi/ieeii niiauaiee. N?aaeiaa cia/aiea
(iaoaiaoe/aneia iaeeaeaiea) eiee/anoaa eioi?iaoeee, i?eoiaeyuaany ia
iaeii yeaiaioa?iia niiauaiea, iacuaaaony yio?iieae enoi/ieea niiauaiee.

(5.2.1.)



Eae aeaeii ec oi?ioeu, yio?iiey enoi/ieea ii?aaeaeyaony ?ani?aaeaeaieai
aa?iyoiinoae auai?a yeaiaioa?iuo niiauaiee ec iauae niaieoiiinoe. Iau/ii
ioia/atho, /oi yio?iiey oa?aeoa?ecoao enoi/iee n oi/ee c?aiey
iaii?aaeaeaiiinoe auai?a oiai eee eiiai niiauaiey. Yio?iiey anaaaea
aaee/eia aauanoaaiiay, ia?aie/aiiay e iaio?eoeaoaeueiay: H(x)>0.

Iaeaeai yio?iieth enoi/ieea niiauaiee:

m-iauai aeoaaeoa aeene?aoiiai enoi/ieea = 2;

aa?iyoiinoue i?eaia 1 (?(1)) = 0,9;

aa?iyoiinoue i?eaia 0 (?(0)) = 0,1.

Aeey au/eneaiey yio?iiee ainiieuecoainy oi?ioeie .













I?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue enoi/ieea niiauaiee.



Ioaeaeueiua yeaiaiou niiauaiey ia aoiaea enoi/ieea iiyaeythony /a?ac
iaeioi?ua eioa?aaeu a?aiaie, /oi iicaieyao aiai?eoue i aeeeoaeueiinoe
yeaiaioia niiauaiey e, neaaeiaaoaeueii, i i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe enoi/ieea
niiauaiee. Anee n?aaeiyy aeeeoaeueiinoue iaeiiai yeaiaioa niiauaiey
?aaia , oi i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue enoi/ieea, ?aaiay n?aaeiaio eiee/anoao
eioi?iaoeee, ia?aaeaaaaiie a aaeeieoeo a?aiaie, ii?aaeaeyaony
au?aaeaieai:



; (5.3.1.)

ainiieuecoainy aeaiiie oi?ioeie aeey au/eneaiey i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe
enoi/ieea.



;





5.1. Noaoenoe/aneia eiaee?iaaiea yeaiaioia niiauaiey







Inouanoaei noaoenoe/aneia eiaee?iaaiea o?aoaoeaaiiuo eiiaeiaoeee,
ninoiyueo ec yeaiaioia aeaie/iiai eiaea 1 e 0:
000,001,010,011,100,101,110,111. Aeey eiaee?iaaiey ainiieuecoainy
aeai?eoiii ia?aaiiia?iiai eiaee?iaaiey Oaooiaia. Aeey yoiai au/eneei
aa?iyoiinoe yoeo eiiaeiaoeee e ?aniieiaeei eo a ii?yaeea oauaaiey
aa?iyoiinoae.







NeiaieuZ1Z2Z3Z4Z5Z6Z7Z8Eiaeiaua
eiiaeiaoeee111110101011100010001000Aa?iyoiinoe
0,7290,0810,0810,0810,0090,0090,0090,001





















Ninoaaei naiaeioth oaaeeoeo aaoaeaiey eiaeiauo eiiaeiaoeee.



Oaae.1.

Neiaie e ia/.
aa?iyoiinoue1234567Z10.7290.7290.7290.7290.7290.7290.7291Z20.0810.0810.0
810.0810.1090.1620.271Z30.0810.0810.0810.0810.0810.109Z40.0810.0810.0810
.0810.081Z50.0090.010.0180.028Z60.0090.0090.01Z70.0090.009Z80.001

Niaeanii oaaeeoea 1 ninoaaeyai a?ao eiaeiaiai aea?aaa, ec oi/ee n
aa?iyoiinoueth 1 iai?aaeyai aeaa aaoae n aieueoae aa?iyoiinoueth
aeaai, n iaiueoae ai?aai. Oaeia aaoaeaiea i?iaeieaeaai aei oao ii?,
iiea ia aeieaeai aei aa?iyoiinoe ? eaaeaeie aoeau.

Ninoaaei a?ao eiaeiaiai aea?aaa.



















































?en. 7



Ia iniiaaiee a?aoa eiaeiaiai aea?aaa auienuaaai eiaeiaua eiiaeiaoeee.



Neiaieu Z1Z2Z3Z4Z5Z6Z7Z8Eiaeiaua
eiiaeiaoeee101101000100011000100000100000

Ii?aaeaeyai n?aaeithth aeeeio iieo/aiiuo eiaeiauo eiiaeiaoeee:



Iieo/aiiua eiiaeiaoeee eiaea oaeoe/anee niaea?aeao eioi?iaoeeth i o?ao
yeaiaioao neaiaea, iiyoiio ?acaeaeea ia 3 iieo/ei n?aaeithth aeeeio
iiauo eiiaeiaoeee a ?an/aoa ia iaeio aoeao ia?aiia/aeueiiai aeaie/iiai
eiaea.



a ?acoeueoaoa iieo/eee n?aaeithth nei?inoue, iaiueoa . Yoi e anoue
yooaeo noaoenoe/aneiai eiaee?iaaiey.



Iaeaeai i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue enoi/ieea iinea eiaee?iaaiey.







yoi iicaieeei iieo/eoue auea?uo i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe enoi/ieea 0,533
?aca.





5.2. I?iioneiay niiniaiinoue eaiaea nayce.



Oa?aeoa?enoeee nenoaiu nayce a cia/eoaeueiie ia?a caaenyo io ia?aiao?ia
eaiaea ayce, eioi?ue eniieuecoaony aeey ia?aaea/e niiauaiee. Enneaaeoy
i?iioneioth niiniaiinoue eaiaea iu i?aaeiieaaaee, /oi eo ia?aiao?u
nio?aiythony iinoiyiiuie. Iaeiaei aieueoeinoai ?aaeueiuo eaiaeia
iaeaaeatho ia?aiaiiuie ia?aiao?aie. Ia?aiao?u eaiaea, eae i?aaeei
eciaiythony ai a?aiaie neo/aeiui ia?acii. Neo/aeiua eciaiaiey
eiyooeoeeaioa ia?aaea/e eaiaea aucuaatho caie?aiey neaiaea, /oi
yeaeaaeaioii aicaeaenoaeth ioeueoeieeeaoeaiie iiiaoe

Iaeii?iaeiue neiiao?e/iue eaiae nayce iieiinoueth ii?aaeaeyaony
aeoaaeoii ia?aaeaaaaiiai niiauaiey, nei?inoueth ia?aaea/e yeaiaioia
niiauaiey e aa?iyoiinoueth ioeai/iiai i?eaia yeaiaioa niiauaiey ?
(aa?iyoiinoueth ioeaee).



I?iioneiay niiniaiinoue eaiaea aoaeao au/eneyoueny ii oi?ioea:



(5.2.)

a /anoiii neo/aa aeey aeaie/iiai eaiaea (m=2) iieo/ei oi?ioeo:



, aaea ? =0,003, =15 10-6









N?aaieaay i?iioneioth niiniaiinoue eaiaea nayce e i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
enoi/ieea (iinea iioeiaeueiiai eiaee?iaaiey) iiaeai naeaeaoue auaiae,
/oi oneiaea E.Oaiiiia auiieiyaony, o.a. i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue enoi/ieea
iaiueoa i?iioneiie niiniaiinoe eaiaea, /oi iicaieeo iai ia?aaeaaaoue
eioi?iaoeeth ii aeaiiiio eaiaeo nayce. Aeey iaeiaee?iaaiiiai enoi/ieea
yoi oneiaea auiieiyaony oaeaea, o.e. i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoue
iaeiaee?iaaiiiai enoi/ieea iaiueoa i?iecaiaeeoaeueiinoe iioeiaeueii
caeiaee?iaaiiiai enoi/ieea.





6. Iiiaoionoie/eaia eiaee?iaaiea.



I?e ia?aaea/a oeeo?iauo aeaiiuo ii eaiaeo n ooiii anaaaea nouanoaoao
aa?iyoiinoue oiai, /oi i?eiyoua aeaiiua aoaeoo niaea?aeaoue iaeioi?ue
o?iaaiue /anoiou iiyaeaiey ioeaie. Iieo/aoaeue eae i?aaeei onoaiaaeeaaao
iaeioi?ue o?iaaiue /anoiou iiyaeaiey ioeaie, i?e i?aauoaiee eioi?iai
i?eiyoua aeaiiua eniieueciaaoue iaeuecy. Anee /anoioa ioeaie a
i?eieiaaiuo aeaiiuo i?aauoaao aeiionoeiue o?iaaiue, oi iiaeii
eniieueciaaoue eiaee?iaaiea n eni?aaeaieai ioeaie., eioi?ia iicaieyao
oiaiueoeoue /anoioo ioeaie aei i?eaieaiie.

Eiaee?iaaiea n iaia?oaeaieai e eni?aaeaieai ioeaie eae i?aaeei naycaii
n iiiyoeai ecauoi/iinoe eiaea, /oi i?eaiaeeo a eiia/iii eoiaa e
nieaeaieth nei?inoe ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeeiiiiai iioiea ii o?aeoo nayce.
Ecauoi/iinoue caeeth/aaony a oii, /oi oeeo?iaua niiauaiey niaea?aeao
aeiiieieoaeueiua neiaieu, iaania/eaathuea eiaeeaeaeoaeueiinoue eaaeaeiai
eiaeiaiai neiaa. Aoi?ui naienoaii naycaiiui n iiiaoionoie/eaui
eiaee?iaaieai yaeyaony on?aaeiaiea ooia. Yoio yooaeo caeeth/aaony a oii,
/oi ecauoi/iua neiaieu caaenyo io ianeieueeeo eioi?iaoeeiiiuo neiaieia.

I?e oaaee/aiee aeeeiiu eiaeiaiai aeiea (o.a. eiee/anoaa ecauoi/iuo
neiaieia) aeiey ioeai/iuo neiaieia a aeiea no?aieoueny e n?aaeiae
/anoioa ioeaie a eaiaea. Ia?aaaouaay neiaieu aeieaie, a ia iaeiiai ca
ae?oaei iiaeii aeiaeoueny nieaeaiey iauae /anoiou ioeaie e i?e
oeene?iaaiiie aa?iyoiinoe ioeaee aeiea aeieth ioeaie, eioi?ua ioaeii
eni?aaeyoue.

Ana ecaanoiua a ianoiyuaa a?aiy eiaeu iiaoo auoue ?acaeaeaiu ia aeaa
aieueoea a?oiiu: aei/iua e iai?a?uaiua. Aei/iua eiaeu oa?aeoa?ecothony
oai, /oi iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue ia?aaeaaaaiuo neiaieia ?acaeaeaia ia
aeiee. Iia?aoeee eiaee?iaaiey e aeaeiaee?iaaiey a eaaeaeii aeiea
i?iecaiaeeony ioaeaeueii. Iai?a?uaiua eiaeu oa?aeoa?ecothony oai, /oi
ia?ae/iay iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue neiaieia, ianoueo eioi?iaoeeth,
iai?a?uaii i?aia?acoaony ii ii?aaeaeaiiiio caeiio a ae?oaoth
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoue, niaea?aeauoth ecauoi/iia /enei neiaieia. I?e yoii
i?ioeannu eiaee?iaaiey e aeaeiaee?iaaiey ia o?aaoao aeaeaiey eiaeiauo
neiaieia ia aeiee.

?aciiaeaeiinoyie eae aei/iuo, oae e iai?a?uaiuo eiaeia yaeythony
?acaeaeeiua ( n aiciiaeiinoueth auaeaeaiey eioi?iaoeeiiiuo e
eiio?ieueiuo neiaieia) e ia?acaeaeeiua eiaeu. Iaeaieaa iiiai/eneaiiui
eeannii ?acaeaeeiuo eiaeia ninoaaeytho eeiaeiua eiaeu. Eo iniaaiiinoue
ninoieo a oii, /oi eiio?ieueiua neiaieu ia?acothony eae eeiaeiua
eiiaeiaoeee eioi?iaoeeiiiuo neiaieia.





6.1. I?eioeei iaia?oaeaiey e eni?aaeaiey ioeaie.



Ei??aeoe?othuea eiaeu no?iyony oae, /oiau eiee/anoai eiiaeiaoeee I
i?aauoaei /enei niiauaiee I0 enoi/ieea. Iaeiaei a yoii neo/aa
eniieuecoaony eeoue I0 eiiaeiaoeee enoi/ieea ec iauaai /enea aeey
ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee. Oaeea eiiaeiaoeee iacuaathony ?ac?aoaiiuie, a
inoaeueiua cai?auaiiuie I-I0. I?eaiieeo ecaanoiu ana ?ac?aoaiiua e
cai?auaiiua eiiaeiaoeee, iiyoiio, anee i?e i?eaia iaeioi?iai
?ac?aoaiiiai niiauaiey a ?acoeueoaoa ioeaee yoi niiauaiea iiiaaeaao a
?ac?yae cai?auaiiuo, oi oaeay ioeaea aoaeao iaia?oaeaia, a i?e
ii?aaeaeaiiuo oneiaeyo eni?aaeaia. Neaaeoao caiaoeoue, /oi i?e ioeaea,
i?eaiaeyuae e iiyaeaieth ae?oaiai ?ac?aoaiiiai neaiaea, oaeay ioeaea ia
iaia?oaeeia.

?annoiyieai Oaiieiaa d iaaeaeo aeaoiy iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoyie iacuaaaony
/enei iiceoeee, a eioi?uo aeaa iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoe ioee/athony ae?oa io
ae?oaa. Iaeiaiueoaa cia/aiea d aeey anao ia? eiaeiauo
iineaaeiaaoaeueiinoae iacuaaaony eiaeiaui ?annoiyieai.

Ioeaea iaia?oaeeaaaony anaaaea, anee a? e?aoiinoue, o.a. /enei
eneaaeaiiuo neiaieia a eiaeiaie eiiaeiaoeee: gd, oi
iaeioi?ua ioeaee oaeaea iaia?oaeeaathony. Iaeiaei iieiie aa?aioee
iaia?oaeaiey ioeaie iao, o.e. ioeai/iay eiiaeiaoeey iiaeao niaiaaeaoue n
eaeie-eeai ?ac?aoaiiie eiiaeiaoeeae. Ieieiaeueiia eiaeiaia ?annoiyiea,
i?e eioi?ii iaia?oaeeaathony ethaua iaeeii/iua ioeaee, d=2.

Eni?aaeaiea ioeaie a i?ioeanna aeaeiaee?iaaiey naiaeeony e
ii?aaeaeaieth ia?aaeaiiie eiiaeiaoeee ii ecaanoiie i?eiyoie. ?annoiyiea
iaaeaeo ia?aaeaiiie ?ac?aoaiiie eiiaeiaoeeae e i?eiyoie cai?auaiiie
eiiaeiaoeeae d0 ?aaii e?aoiinoe ioeaie g. Anee ioeaee a neiaieao
eiiaeiaoeee i?ienoiaeyo iacaaeneii ioiineoaeueii ae?oa ae?oaa, oi
aa?iyoiinoue eneaaeaiey iaeioi?uo g neiaieia a n-cia/iie eiiaeiaoeee
aoaeao ?aaia:



. (6.1.)







6.1. Eiaeu n iaia?oaeaieai ioeaie.



Iaeiei ec eiaeia iiaeiaiiai oeia yaeyaony eiae n /aoiui /eneii aaeeieoe.
Eaaeaeay eiiaeiaoeey yoiai eiaea niaea?aeeo iiieii eioi?iaoeeiiiuo
neiaieia iaeei eiio?ieueiue, auae?aaiue ?aaiue 0 eee 1 oae, /oiau noiia
eiee/anoaa aaeeieoe a eiiaeiaoeee anaaaea auea /aoiie.

I?inoaeoei i?eia?ii eiaea n i?iaa?eie ia /aoiinoue yaeyaony eiae Aiaei,
a eioi?ii e iyoecia/iui eiiaeiaoeeyi eioi?iaoeeiiiuo neiaieia
aeiaaaeyaony oanoie eiio?ieueiue neiaie: 11001,1; 10001,0. I?aaeei
au/eneaiey eiio?ieueiiai neiaiea iaoiaeeony eae:



(6.1.1.)



ioeoaea auoaeaao, /oi aeey ethaie eiiaeiaoeee noiia anao neiaieia ii
iiaeoeth aeaa aoaeao ?aaia ioeth. Yoi iicaieyao a aeaeiaee?othuai
ono?ienoaa n?aaieoaeueii i?inoi i?iecaiaeeoue iaia?oaeaiea ioeaie iooai
i?iaa?ee ia /aoiinoue. Ia?ooaiea /aoiinoe eiaao ianoi i?e iiyaeaiee
iaeiie?aoiuo, o?aoe?aoiuo e a iauai neo/aa ia/aoiie e?aoiinoe, /oi e
aeaao aiciiaeiinoue eo iaia?oaeeoue. Iiyaeaiea /aoiuo ioeaie ia eciaiyao
/aoiinoe noiiu, iiyoiio oaeea ioeaee ia iaia?oaeeaathony.



Ii?aaeaeei ecauoi/iinoue eiaea:



k=6 /enei neiaieia a iiiaoionoie/eaii eiaea

n=5 /enei neiaieia aac ecauoi/iinoe







Aeaeaa iaeaeai aa?iyoiinoue iaiaia?oaeaiiie eiaeii ioeaee i?e
iacaaeneiuo iaeiie?aoiuo ioeaeao . Aeey yoiai iaeaeai /enei ioeai/iuo
eiiaeiaoeee.

























Caeeth/aiea





A aeaiiie ?aaioa auei ?anniio?aii:



1. Nenoaia eiaa?aioiiai i?eaiieea n OI. ?ann/eoaa ia?aiao?u e n?aaiea
iieo/aiiua a ?acoeueoaoa ?an/aoia aeaiiua n ae?oaeie nenoaiaie i?eaia
neaiaeia auyaeaiu iaeioi?ua i?aeiouanoaa e iaaeinoaoee aeaiiie nenoaiu
ia?aaea/e e i?eaia eioi?iaoeeiiiuo niiauaiee. Oaeaea auei i?iaaaeaii
n?aaiaiea n eaeaaeueiui i?eaiieeii Eioaeueieeiaa, iaania/eaathuei
iioaioeeaeueioth iiiaoionoie/eainoue. Ioia/aii eae iiaeii oeo/oeoue
oa?aeoa?enoeee i?eaiieea n iiiiuueth niaeaniaaiiuo oeeueo?ia.

2. Ia?aaea/a iai?a?uaiuo aiaeiaiauo neaiaeia oeeo?iauie iaoiaeaie.
I?iecaaaeai aiaeec e n?aaiaiea aeene?aoiuo iaoiaeia (AEI, OEI, AEI) n
oeeo?iaui iaoiaeii ia?aaea/e iai?a?uaiuo aiaeiaiauo neaiaeia EEI.
Ioia/aiu i?aeiouanoaa oeeo?iauo iaoiaeia ia?aaea/e eioi?iaoeee ii
n?aaiaieth n aiaeiaiauie.

3. Eiaee?iaaiea niiauaiee. N?aaieaaeenue e ii?aaeaeyeenue
oa?aeoa?enoeee noaoenoe/aneiai (yooaeoeaiiai eiaee?iaaiey) ii n?aaiaieth
n iiiaoionoie/eaui (ecauoi/iui) eiaee?iaaieai. Auea ii?aaeaeaia
i?iioneiay niiniaiinoue eaiaea nayce e onoaiiaeaii, /oi aeaiiay nenoaia
yaeyaony ?aaioiniiniaiie (o.a. auiieiyaony oneiaea E.Oaiiiia).





I?e ?anniio?aiee ia?aaea/e e i?eaia neaiaeia iaoiaeii EEI n
eiaee?iaaieai niiauaiee, iiaeii naeaeaoue auaiae, /oi aeey iiauoaiey
ea/anoaa iieo/aaiuo niiauaiee neaaeoao i?eiaiyoue iiiaoionoie/eaia
eiaee?iaaiea. ?anniio?aiiue iaoiae iiiaoionoie/eaiai eiaee?iaaiey
yaeyaony naiui i?inoaeoei. Aeey aieaa yooaeoeaiiai eniieueciaaiey eaiaea
nayce ioaeii eniieueciaaoue aieaa niaa?oaiiua aeai?eoiu eiaee?iaaiey
niiauaiee.



























Eeoa?aoo?a







1. Cthei A.A., Ei?iaia TH.O. Oai?ey ia?aaea/e neaiaeia I.Naycue 1972.

2. A.I.Aiiaea?aa, A.A.Iaea?ia Iniiau oai?ee ia?aaea/e neaiaeia
Iiaineae?ne 1969 a.

3. Y.I?aaa?, A.Oeiae, A.I.Aeieo?eaa Oeeo?iaay oaoieea a nayce I.
?aaeei e naycue.

4. Aeae. Eea?e,ie.,Aeae.Eaei Eiaee?iaaiea n eni?aaeaieai ioeaie a
nenoaiao oeeo?iaie nayce I. ?aaeei e naycue.

5. A.I.Eoaeaoia Iaoiaee/aneea oeacaiey e auiieiaieth eo?niaie ?aaiou ii
oai?ee ia?aaea/e neaiaeia .

6. Eiiniaeo eaeoeee.
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