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Курсовая: Технологический процесс изготовления детали "Корпус" (WinWord&Autocad R12)

Iineianeee Ainoaea?noaaiiue Oaoie/aneee Oieaa?neoao eiaie I. Y. Aaoiaia





Eo?niaie i?iaeo

ii oaia

Oaoiieiae/aneee i?ioeann ecaioiaeaiey aeaoaee Ei?ion



nooaeaio Ae?iaiaic A. A.

a?oiia IN-2-71

?oeiaiaeeoaeue i?iaeoa ?oaeaiei I. ?.





__________________________________________________________IAOO
1997 a.



Niaea?aeaiea:



?an/ao oaoiieiae/iinoe aeaoaee
.........................................................



?an/ao i?eioneia ia ia?aaioeo e iia?aoeeiiiuo ?acia?ia aeaoaee
..........



?an/ao ?aaeeiia ?acaiey
..................................................................



?ac?aaioea ia?o?ooa oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna
................................



I?iaeoe?iaaiea i?eniiniaeaiee
.......................................................



Nienie eeoa?aoo?u
........................................................................
.



?an/ao oaoiieiae/iinoe aeaoaee.



Iaania/aiea oaoiieiae/iinoe eiino?oeoeee ecaeaeey yaeyaony iaeiie ec
iniiaiuo ooieoeee aaeeiie nenoaiu oaoiieiae/aneie iiaeaioiaee
i?iecaiaenoaa (ANOII). Aiaeec oaoiieiae/iinoe a i?eai?ino?iaiee
i?iecaiaeeony eae aeey ecaeaeey a oeaeii, oae e aeey ioaeaeueiuo
aeaoaeae. ?acee/atho ea/anoaaiioth e eiee/anoaaiioth ioeaiee
oaoiieiae/iinoe.

Eiee/anoaaiii oaoiieiae/iinoue eiino?oeoeee ioeaieaaaony ii eiiieaeniiio
iieacaoaeth, ii?aaeaeyaiiio eae niaieoiiinoue /anoiuo iieacaoaeae
oaoiieiae/iinoe n o/aoii eo aaniauo eiyooeoeeaioia:



Eo - eiiieaeniue iieacaoaeue oaoiieiae/iinoe;

ki - /anoiue iieacaoaeue oaoiieiae/iinoe;

i - eiyooeoeeaio aaniiinoe /anoiiai iieacaoaey oaoiieiae/iinoe;

n - eiee/anoai /anoiuo iieacaoaeae oaoiieiae/iinoe.



Ii?aaeaeaiea /anoiuo iieacaoaeae oaoiieiae/iinoe aeaoaeae i?iecaiaeeony
ia iniiaa iiyeaiaioiiai aiaeeca eiino?oeoeee aeaoaeae n o/aoii i?eiyoiai
niiniaa eo ecaioiaeaiey e aeaea iaoa?eaea.

Eiiieaeniue iieacaoaeue oaoiieiae/iinoe Eo aeieaeai auoue ?aaai o. i.
ii?iaoeaiiio iieacaoaeth oaoiieiae/iinoe. I?aeoe/aneia i?eiaiaiea
?an/aoiuo eiyooeoeeaioia oaoiieiae/iinoe aiciiaeii ii aeaoi
iai?aaeaieyi:

1. I?e ?ac?aaioea iiaiai ecaeaeey eiyooeoeeaiou Eo aeieaeiu i?aauoaoue
o. i. aaciaua cia/aiey, eioi?ua caaeathony a ?oeiaiaeyueo oeacaieyo ii
eiino?oe?iaaieth e oi?ie?othony ii ?acoeueoaoai ?an/aoia eiyooeoeeaioia
oaoiieiae/iinoe aeaoaeae-aiaeiaia, oa?aeoa?iuo aeey iniauaiey aeaiiiai
i?aaei?eyoey a eiie?aoiie io?anee i?iiuoeaiiinoe.

2. I?e aianaiee eciaiaiee a eiino?oeoeeth aeaoaee, iaoiaeyuaeny a
i?iecaiaenoaa, ?an/aoiue eiyooeoeeaio oaoiieiae/iinoe Eo aeey aeaoaee
eciaiaiiie eiino?oeoeee aeieaeai i?aauoaoue ii?iaoeaiua cia/aiey.

Oaae. 1.

Eiyooeoeeaiou aaniiinoe

/anoiuo iieacaoaeae oaoiieiae/iinoe.



Iaeiaiiaaiea /anoiiai iieacaoaey oaoiieiae/iinoeIaicia/aieaAaniaua
eiyooeoeeaiou

1.Iieacaoaeue ia?aaaouaaaiinoe iaoa?eaea.Eii0.52.Iieacaoaeue neiaeiinoe
eiino?oeoeee aeaoaee.Ene0.73.Eiyooeoeeaio oi/iinoe e oa?ioiaaoinoe
iiaa?oiinoae aeaoaee.Eiia0.64.Iieacaoaeue oieoeeaoeee eiino?oeoeaiuo
yeaiaioia.Eoy0.75.Iieacaoaeue eniieueciaaiey iaoa?eaeaEei1.0

Oaae.2.

Ii?iaoeaiua cia/aiey eiiieaeniuo

iieacaoaeae oaoiieiae/iinoe.



Oaea a?auaieyI?i/ea aeaoaeei?aoeaceiiiuaia i?aoeaceiiiuai?aoeaceiiiuaia
i?aoeaceiiiua0.700.850.650.80

Iieacaoaeue ia?aaaouaaaiinoe iaoa?eaea (Eii).



Iiae ia?aaaouaaaiinoueth iaoa?eaeia aoaeai iiieiaoue eo niiniaiinoue
iiaeaeaaaoueny ia?aaioea ?aaeoueie eino?oiaioaie i?e iioeiaeueiuo
?aaeeiao e oneiaeyo ?acaiey. I?eiyoi n/eoaoue, /oi iaoa?eae iaeaaeaao
oi?ioae ia?aaaouaaaiinoueth, anee i?e ?acaiee yoiai iaoa?eaea eciin
eino?oiaioa, neeu ?acaiey e oa?ioiaaoinoue ia?aaioaiiie iiaa?oiinoe
iaeu. ?acaiea iaoa?eaeia, iaeaaeathueo oi?ioae ia?aaaouaaaiinoueth,
oa?aeoa?ecoaony eaaeei ioaeaeaieai no?oaeee.

Eiee/anoaaiiay ioeaiea ia?aaaouaaaiinoe cao?oaeiaia aneaaenoaea
iaiaeiicia/iinoe iiiyoey. *aua anaai i?eiaiytho iaoiae, iniiaaiiue ia
eeanne/aneie oi?ioea Oaeei?a:

, aaea

V - nei?inoue ?acaiey, i/iei:

O - noieeinoue eino?oiaioa, iei;

n - iieacaoaeue noaiaie;

n - iinoiyiiay, caaenyuay io oneiaee ia?aaioee.



Iiae noieeinoueth eino?oiaioa iiieiatho i?iiaaeooie a?aiaie, a oa/aiee
eioi?iai eciin eino?oiaioa aeinoeaaao o. i. e?eoa?ey eciina, /eneaiiua
cia/aiey eioi?iai aeey anao aiciiaeiuo oneiaee ia?aaioee i?eaiaeyony a
ni?aai/iie eeoa?aoo?a. I?e aeinoeaeaiee eino?oiaioii e?eoa?ey eciina
?acei aic?anoaao neea ?acaiey e oa?ioiaaoinoue ia?aaioaiiie iiaa?oiinoe.
Nouanoaoao iiiyoeeiue aiia?ao, naycaiiue ni noaiaea?oiie noieeinoueth
eino?oiaioa, ?aaiie, iai?eia?, 60 ieiooai. Niioaaonoaothuay nei?inoue
?acaiey iaicia/aaony eae V60.

Iaeaieaa oe?iei ?ani?ino?aiaia oeaea, iniiaaiiay ia i?eiyoee a ea/anoaa
yoaeiiiiai iaoa?eaea noaee 45. Oiaaea ia?aaaouaaaiinoue ethaiai
iaoa?eaea iiaeao auoue au?aaeaia /a?ac o. i. eiyooeoeeaio ioiineoaeueiie
ia?aaaouaaaiinoe (K). Ii iicaieyao oe?oiiaii ioeaieaaoue
ia?aaaouaaaiinoue oiai eee eiiai iaoa?eaea, ia i?eieiay ai aieiaiea
iniaaiiinoe, naycaiiua n i?eiaiaieai ?acee/iuo eino?oiaioaeueiuo
iaoa?eaeia, a oaeaea n aiciiaeiie iaiaoiaeeiinoueth iaania/aiey
?acee/iie oa?ioiaaoinoe ia?aaioaiiie iiaa?oiinoe.

Iaoa?eae ?anniao?eaaaiie aeaoaee - nieaa n ieceei eiyooeoeeaioii
eeiaeiiai ?anoe?aiey 32 IEAe (AINO 14082-78). Aeey iaa K=0.8, a Eii=0.5.



Iieacaoaeue neiaeiinoe eiino?oeoeee aeaoaee (Ene).



Oaaee/aiea naaanoieiinoe iieo/aaiie iaoiaeaie ia?aaioee ?acaieai aeaoaee
aneaaenoaea oaeeeiaiey oaoiieiae/aneiai i?ioeanna aa ecaioiaeaiey
o/eouaaaony iieacaoaeai neiaeiinoe eiino?oeoeee aeaoaee, ii?aaeaeaiiii a
aeaea:

Ene=0,25*(Ee+E?+Ea+En), aaea

Ee, E?, Ea, En - eiyooeoeeaiou, ii?aaeaeyaiua eae Ei=1-Ai, i?e/ai Ai -
ooi/iaiey.

Eiyooeoeeaio Ee caaeneo io eiee/anoaa iiaa?oiinoae ia enoiaeiie
caaioiaea, n eioi?uo oaeaeyaony no?oaeea i?e ecaioiaeaiee aeaoaee.
Eiiiaeie?iaaiiua iiaa?oiinoe, ia?acoaiua ca iaeei ?aai/ee oiae iaeiei
eino?oiaioii, iiaoo auoue o/oaiu a ea/anoaa iaeiie iiaa?oiinoe.

Ninoaaei oaaeeoeo:

Oaae. 3.

iia. ?Oi?iaRa, ieiIT?acia?, iiAeae ia?aaioeeAeii. o?aaiaaieyI?ei.1.
Oeeeeiae?1,6625,6oi/aieaiao2. Eiion1,6120,2oi/aieaiao3.
Ieineinoue0,40121oi/aieaaea4. Oeeeeiae?1,6912oi/aieaaea5.
Oeeeeiae?1,677,8oi/aieaaea6. Oeeeeiae?1,6128oi/aieaiao7.
Oeeeeiae?1,689oi/aieaaea8. Eiion1,6120,4oi/aieaiao9.
Ieineinoue0,20125,4oi/aieaaea10. Eiion1,6120,2oi/aieaiao11.
Eiion1,6625,6oi/aieaiao12. Eiion1,6120,15oi/aieaiao13.
Ieineinoue1,61212,4o?aca?iaaieaiao14.
Ieineinoue1,6126,8o?aca?iaaieaiao15.
Oeeeeiae?1,6121,25o?aca?iaaieaiao16.
Ieineinoue1,6124,2o?aca?iaaieaaea17. Oeeeeiae?1,6100,5Naa?eaieaiao18.
Eiion1,6120,2Naa?eaieaiao19. Oeeeeiae?1,6121,4Naa?eaieaiao20.
Eiion1,6120,2Naa?eaieaiao21. Oeeeeiae?1,6122,3o?aca?iaaieaaea22.
Ieineinoue1,6122,3o?aca?iaaieaaea23.
Ieineinoue1,6122,3o?aca?iaaieaaea24. Ieineinoue1,691,2o?aca?iaaieaiao25.
Oeeeeiae?1,6120,6o?aca?iaaieaiao26.
Ieineinoue1,61211,2o?aca?iaaieaiao27. Oeeeeiae?1,6122naa?eaieaiao28.
Eiion1,6120,2naa?eaieaiao29. Ieineinoue0,40121oi/aieaaea

Iiaa?oiinoe 1, 4 ia?aciaaiu iaeiia?aiaiii iaeiei eino?oiaioii - ?acoeii;
iiaa?oiinoe 3, 9, - ia?aciaaiu iaeiia?aiaiii iaeiei eino?oiaioii -
?acoeii: iiaa?oiinoe 21, 22, 23 - ia?aciaaiu iaeiia?aiaiii iaeiei
eino?oiaioii - o?acie: iiaa?oiinoe 14, 15, - ia?aciaaiu iaeiia?aiaiii
iaeiei eino?oiaioii - o?acie: iiaa?oiinoe 24, 25 ,26 - ia?aciaaiu
iaeiia?aiaiii iaeiei eino?oiaioii - o?acie: oiaaea eiee/anoai
o/eouaaaiuo iiaa?oiinoae ?aaii 22, iii aieueoa 20, e, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
A1=0.2

Eiyooeoeeaio E? o/eouaaao iauaa eiee/anoai caaeaiiuo ia /a?oaaea aeaiiuo
ii iaania/aieth o?aaoaiuo oi/iinoae oi?iu e acaeiiiai ?aniieiaeaiey
iiaa?oiinoae a i?aaeaeao 0,05 ii. E aeaiiie aeaoaee i?aaeuyaeaii 7
o?aaiaaiee Yoi o?aaiaaiey ii ieineinoyi ?3,29,9,7,21-23,5. Cia/eo
A2=0,4.

Eiyooeoeeaio Ea o/eouaaao eiee/anoai ?acee/iuo aeaeia ia?aaioee ?acaieai
(oaoiieiae/aneeo iia?aoi?ia). Oae eae aeey iieo/aiey aeaiiie aeaoaee
iaiaoiaeeiu naa?eaiea, oi/aiea, o?aca?iaaiea - o?e aeaea ia?aaioee
?acaieai, oi anoue aieueoa 2 aeaeia, oi A3=0,1.

Eiyooeoeeaio En o/eouaaao niioaaonoaey oi/iinoe e oa?ioiaaoinoe
iiaa?oiinoae aeaoaee iaeioi?ui iioeiaeueiui aaee/eiai, iiae eioi?uie
iiae?acoiaaathony ?aeiiaiaeoaiua a ea/anoaa yeiiiie/iinoe e
eiino?oeoeaii iainiiaaiiua aaee/eiu. Aaee/eia A, aoiaeyuay a au?aaeaiea,
aeey yoiai eiyooeoeeaioa ii?aaeaeyaony ii oi?ioea:

, aaea

N - iauaa eiee/anoai ia?aaaouaaaiuo ?acaieai iiaa?oiinoae aeaoaee:

mj - eiee/anoai cii, ia eioi?ia ia?aiao? Ra aeey j-ie iiaa?oiinoe
ionoieo io iioeiaeueiiai ni/aoaiey.

Iiaa?oiinoe 6, 8, 10, 13, 14-23, 25-28 niaeanii iiieiaeueiui ?acia?ai
(aei 18 ii) e eaaeeoaoai (IT10, IT12) aeieaeiu auee iiiaaeaoue a ciio 2
(Ra=6,3 iei), iaeiaei e iei i?eeiaeaii o?aaiaaiea oa?ioiaaoinoe Ra=1,6
iei, oi anoue iie iiiaaeatho a 4 ciio. ?acieoea iaaeaeo ciiaie = 2,
cia/eo mj=2 aeey j=6, 8, 10, 13, 14-23, 25-28.

Iiaa?oiinoe 2, 12 niaeanii iiieiaeueiui ?acia?ai (18-30ii) e eaaeeoaoo
(IT12) aeieaeiu auee iiiaaeaoue a ciio 2 (Ra=6,3 iei), iaeiaei e iei
i?eeiaeaii o?aaiaaiea oa?ioiaaoinoe Ra=1,6 iei, oi anoue iie iiiaaeatho
a 4 ciio niaeanii ia?aiao?o oa?ioiaaoinoe. ?acieoea iaaeaeo ciiaie = 2,
cia/eo mj=2 aeey j=2,12.

Iiaa?oiinoue 1 niaeanii iiieiaeueiiio ?acia?o (aei 30 ii) e eaaeeoaoo
(IT6) aeieaeia iiiaaeaoue a ciio 4 (Ra=1,6 iei), iaeiaei e iae
i?eeiaeaii o?aaiaaiea oa?ioiaaoinoe Ra=1,6 iei, oi anoue iia iiiaaeaao
a 4 ciio. ?acieoea iaaeaeo ciiaie = 0, cia/eo mj=0 aeey j=4.

Iiaa?oiinoe 3, 29 niaeanii iiieiaeueiiio ?acia?o (aei 30 ii) e
eaaeeoaoo (IT12) aeieaeiu auee iiiaaeaoue a ciio 2 (Ra=6,3 iei), iaeiaei
e iei i?eeiaeaii o?aaiaaiea oa?ioiaaoinoe Ra=0,40 iei, oi anoue iie
iiiaaeatho a 5 ciio ii ia?aiao?o oa?ioiaaoinoe. ?acieoea iaaeaeo ciiaie
3, cia/eo mj=3 aeey j=3, 29.

Iiaa?oiinoe 4, 7, 9, 24 niaeanii iiieiaeueiiio ?acia?o (aei 18 ii) e
eaaeeoaoo (IT8, IT9) aeieaeiu auee iiiaaeaoue a ciio 3 (Ra=3,2 iei),
iaeiaei e iei i?eeiaeaii o?aaiaaiea oa?ioiaaoinoe Ra=1,6 iei, oi anoue
iie iiiaaeatho a 4 ciio ii ia?aiao?o oa?ioiaaoinoe. ?acieoea iaaeaeo
ciiaie 1, cia/eo mj=1 aeey j=4, 7, 9, 24.

Iiaa?oiinoe 5, 11 niaeanii iiieiaeueiiio ?acia?o (aei 18 ii) e
eaaeeoaoo (IT6, IT7) aeieaeiu auee iiiaaeaoue a ciio 5 (Ra=0,8 iei),
iaeiaei e iei i?eeiaeaii o?aaiaaiea oa?ioiaaoinoe Ra=1,6 iei, oi anoue
iie iiiaaeatho a 4 ciio ii ia?aiao?o oa?ioiaaoinoe. ?acieoea iaaeaeo
ciiaie 0, cia/eo mj=0 aeey j=5, 11.



Eoae:

=0,1*(18*2+2*2+1*0+2*3+4*1+2*0)=5

Oae eae iii?aaea ia iiaeao auoue aieueoa 1, i?eieiaai A4=1.

Neaaeiaaoaeueii: Ee=1-A1=1-0,2=0,8

E?=1-A2=1-0,4=0,6

Ea=1-A3=1-0,1=0,9

En=1-A4=1-1=0

Eoiai : Ene=0,25(0,8+0,6+0,9+0)=0,575



Eiyooeoeeaio oi/iinoe e oa?ioiaaoinoe iiaa?oiinoe aeaoaee (Eiia).



A iaeaieueoae noaiaie iaiaoiaeeiinoue i?eiaiaiey iaoiaea ia?aaioee
?acaieai i/aaeaeia i?e ecaioiaeaiee aeaoaeae, eiino?oeoeey eioi?uo
i?aaeoniao?eaaao iaee/ea iaeiie-aeaoo iiaa?oiinoae, eiathueo aunieea
o?aaiaaiey ii oi/iinoe e oa?ioiaaoinoe. Oaeea aeaoaee iacuaathony
i?aoeaceiiiuie. Noaiaiue aic?anoaiey o?oaeiaieinoe ecaioiaeaiey aeaoaeae
ca n/ao ia?aaioee i?aoeaceiiiuo iiaa?oiinoae, a, neaaeiaaoaeueii,
nieaeaiey oaoiieiae/iinoe eiino?oeoeee, o/eouaaaony eiyooeoeeaioii
oi/iinoe e oa?ioiaaoinoe iiaa?oiinoe Eiia.

Iiaa?oiinoe 6, 8, 10, 13, 14-23, 25-28 ii iiieiaeueiui ?acia?ai e
eaaeeoaoai iiiaaeatho a ciio 4, a eo oa?ioiaaoinoue caaeaia eae Ra=1,6
iei. I?e oaeii ni/aoaiee ia?aiao?ia iie iiiaaeatho a ca/a?eioooth
eeaoeo. Neaaeiaaoaeueii, Eiia=0,7. Iiaa?oiinoue ?9 ii iiieiaeueiui
?acia?ai e eaaeeoaoai iiiaaeatho a ciio 5, a eo oa?ioiaaoinoue caaeaia
eae Ra=0,20iei. Aeey oaeiai ni/aoaiey ia?aiao?ia Eiia=0,5.

Aa?ai iaeiaiueoaa ec iieo/aiiuo cia/aiee. Oae eae Eiia=0,5 oi aeaoaeue
i?aoeaceiiiay.



Iieacaoaeue oieoeeaoeee yeaiaioia (Eoy).



Ana iiaa?oiinoe aeaiiie aeaoaee iiaeii n/eoaoue oieoeoee?iaaiiuie.

Ii oi?ioea Ny =29 oo. - iauaa eiee/anoai eiino?oeoeaiuo yeaiaioia a
aeaoaee:

Noy=29 oo. - eiee/anoai oieoeoee?iaaiiuo eiino?oeoeaiuo yeaiaioia:

n=0 oo. - eiee/anoai iaoieoeoee?iaaiiuo yeaiaioia.

Oaeei ia?acii: Eoy=29/29-0=1



Iieacaoaeue eniieueciaaiey iaoa?eaea (Eei).



Yoio eiyooeoeeaio ii?aaeaeyaony ii niioiioaieth .

Ianna iieo/aaiie aeaoaee niaeanii enoiaeiiio /a?oaaeo ?aaia 10 a?aii.

Caaioiaeie neoaeeo i?ooie aeeaiao?a 30 ii noaee 32 IEAe (AINO 14082-78).
Ia iaeio caaioiaeo ooiaeeo 10ii i?ooea.

Ianno oaeie caaioiaee ?ann/eoaai ii oi?ioea:

M=**D2*l/4,aaea

D=30ii - aeeaiao? aeenea

L=10 ii - aunioa aeenea

Vaeao.=192,685ii3

Vcaa.=2250ii3



Eei=192,685/2250= 0,09



Naaaeai ana aeaiiua a iauoth oaaeeoeo 4.

Iaeiaiiaaiea /anoiiai iieacaoaey oaoiieiae/iinoeIaicia/aieaAaniaua
eiyooeoeeaiou*eneaiiia cia/aiea1.Iieacaoaeue ia?aaaouaaaiinoe
iaoa?eaea.Eii0,80,52.Iieacaoaeue neiaeiinoe eiino?oeoeee
aeaoaee.Ene0,70,5753.Eiyooeoeeaio oi/iinoe e oa?ioiaaoinoe iiaa?oiinoae
aeaoaee.Eiia0,60,54.Iieacaoaeue oieoeeaoeee eiino?oeoeaiuo
yeaiaioia.Eoy0,71,05.Iieacaoaeue eniieueciaaiey
iaoa?eaeaEei1,00,09Eiiieaeniue iieacaoaeue oaoiieiae/iinoe0.5

A ?acoeueoaoa iieo/eee, /oi eiyooeoeeaio oaoiieiae/iinoe iaiueoa
ii?iaoeaiiai iieacaoaey oaoiieiae/iinoe aeey aeaiiie aeaoaee (ii oaae. 2
- i?i/ea aeaoaee, i?aoeaceiiiua). Aeey iiauoaiey oaoiieiae/iinoe iiaeii
i?aaeeiaeeoue:

Aoaeai iieo/aoue caaioiaeo iaoiaeii iauaiiie ooaiiiaee e eiaee.

?an/ao eiiieaeniiai eiyooeoeeaioa oaoiieiae/iinoe i?e eniieueciaaiee
iaoiaea oieiaeiie iauaiiie ooaiiiaee.

Iaeiaiiaaiea /anoiiai iieacaoaey oaoiieiae/iinoeCia/aiey iieaccaoaeae
aeey aeaiiie caaioiaeeAe1Ia?aaaouaaaiinoue iaoa?eaeaAieaa
0,20,002Eciaiaiea ieiuaaee iiia?a/iiai na/aiey ii aeeeia caaioiaeeiaiaa,
/ai a 3 ?aca0,003Niioaaonoaea yeaiaioia eiino?oeoeee ccaaioiaee i?aaeeai
iieo/aiey iauaiii-ooaiiiaaiiuo caaioiaieAiciiaeii iaania/eoue
iieiinoueth0,004Neiiao?e/iinoue caaioiaee iaoa?eaeaIoiineoaeueii 2-o
inae0,105Eiyooeoeeaio neiaeiinoe oi?i aeaoaee, ?aaiue ioiioaieth iauaia
aeaoaee e iauaio ioaaouaathuaai aa oeeeeiae?aIo 1 aei
0,630,00Ecaa=1-Ae=0,9. Eei.=Iae/Ic=0,17. E?ac=0,52.
Eo=(0,52+0,9)/2=0,71.

Aeaiiue eiyooeoeeaio oaeiaeaoai?yao ii?iaoeaiui o?aaiaaieyi.





















Ia?o?ooiay ea?oa.

?Iaeiaiiaaiea e niaea?aeaiea
iia?aoeeeIai?oaeiaaieaI?eniiniaeaieyEino?oiaio035Oiea?iay.

Ia?aoiae 1. Naa?eaiea

1. Naa?eeoue aeeaiao? 6+0,2 niaeanii yneeca.

Ia?aoiae 2,3. Oi/aiea /enoiaia.

2. Oi/eoue aeeaiao? 12f9 niaeanii yneeca.

3. Auaea?aeaoue ?acia? 1,2H9

Ia?aoiae 4,5 Oi/aiea /enoiaia

4. ?anoi/eoue aeeaiao? 7,5+0,05 niaeanii yneeca

5. Oi/eoue aeeaiao? 25,6h6 niaeanii yneeca. Noaiie oiea?iue
SchaublinIao?ii naiioeaio?e?othuee o?aoeoea/eiaue AINO 2675-71





Oeaiaiaay ii?aaeaNaa?ei 5

?acaoe iiae?aciie, AINO 18871-73.





?acaoe ?anoi/iie

AINO 18882-73

?acaoe iiae?aciie040O?aca?iay.

Ia?aoiae 1

1. Iaiaoeoue ioaa?noea aeeaiao?ii 5 niaeanii yneeca

Ia?aoiae 2

2. O?aca?iaaoue ieii 6,6H12 ia 4,2H12 niaeanii yneeca .

Ia?aoiae 3

3. O?aca?iaaoue iac 2,3H12 niaeanii yneecaNoaiie aa?oeeaeueii-o?aca?iue
OON 6175Ii?aaea o?aca?iayNaa?ei 5













O?aca eiioeaaay 1,2

AINO 17025-71055Aeiaiaei/iay iia?aoeey.

Noaiie aeiaiaei/iue aeeneiaue 3803I?aaeeueiia eieueoei(3oo.)

a?oc niaoeeaeueiue (3oo.)Ianoa aeiaciay

075Oeeoiaaeueiay.

Ia?aoiae 1

1. Onoaiiaeoue ia ii?aaeo io 7,8H7 n iii?ie a i?eoa?oue oi?aoe.

2. Iiaeaeaoue oeaio?ii.

3. Ueeoiaaoue aei 12f9 niaeanii yneeca.

4. Oeeoiaaoue aei 25,6H6 niaeanii yneeca.Noaiie oeeoiaaeueiue

Ii?aaea oeeoiaaeueiayE?oa oeeoiaaeueiue090Oiea?iay.

Ia?aoiae 1

1. Onoaiiaeoue ia ii?aaeo io 7,8h7 n iii?ie ia i?eoa?oue oi?aoe
oeaioea.

2. E?aieoue iaeeaeiie aaeeie.

3. Ia?aaaouaaoue niaeanii i.3 /a?oaaea

4. Iiae?acaoue oi?aoe nooieoeu niaeanii /a?oaaeo

Ia?aoiae 2

1. ?anoi/eoue auoi/ee 8H12, 9F8 niaeanii /a?oaaeo, auaea?aeeaay ?acia?
5,4h12 e 2,6h9.

Ia?aoiae 3

1. Niyoue oaneo 0,2x45 e i?eooieoue ino?ua e?iieeNoaiie oiea?iue
SchaublinIi?aaea oiea?iay niaoeeaeueiay?acaoe iiae?aciie, AINO 18871-73.













?acaoe ?anoi/iie AINO 18871-73.INO 4010-77

?acaoe iiae?aciie, AINO 18871-73.130Eiio?ieueiay

Onoaiiaeoue a eiio?ieueiia i?eniiniaeaiea.

I?iaa?eoue ioeeiiaiey io ia?aeeaeueiinoeEiio?ieueiia
i?eniiniaeaiea?an/ao i?eioneia e i?iiaaeooi/iuo ?acia?ia.



Ia?o?oo ia?aaioee

aeeaiao?a

???I8Yeaiaiou i?eionea, iei?an/aoiua aaee/eiuAeiione ia auiieiyaiua
?acia?u, ieiI?eiyoua (ieii/aoaeueiua) ?acia?u caaioiaee ii
ia?aoiaeaiI?aaeaeueiue i?eione, iei12345678910111213Rzhp?i?eionea
ZiDminDmaxITDmaxDminZimaxZimini?iaeaea/au?oaea320300400--14,27214,702430
14,70214,272--/a?iiaia
oi/aiea10010024-204016,31216,49218016,49216,31217902040iieo/enoiaia
oi/aiea505020-44816,7616,8711016,8716,76378448/enoiaia
oi/aiea252516-2401717,0272717,0271715724023252728I?eione - neie
iaoa?eaea, oaeaeyaiue n iiaa?oiinoe caaioiaee a oeaeyo aeinoeaeaiey
caaeaiiuo naienoa ia?aaaouaaaiie iiaa?oiinoe aeaoaee. I?eione ia
ia?aaioeo iiaeao auoue iacia/ai ii niioaaonoaothuei ni?aai/iui
oaaeeoeai, AINOai eee ia iniiaa ?an/aoii-aiaeeoe/aneiai iaoiaea
ii?aaeaeaiey i?eioneia.

I?e ia?aeeaeueiie ia?aaioea i?ioeaieaaeaueo iiaa?oiinoae (aeaonoi?iiiee
i?eione) ,

i?e ia?aaioea ia?oaeiuo e aioo?aiieo iiaa?oiinoae (aeaonoi?iiiee
i?eione) ,

caeanue Rzi-1 -aunioa ia?iaiinoae i?ioeey ia i?aaeoanoaothuai
ia?aoiaea;

hi-1 - aeoaeia aeaoaeoiiai iiaa?oiinoiiai neiy ia i?aaeoanoaothuai
ia?aoiaea;

?i-1 - noiia?iua ioeeiiaiey ?aniieiaeaiey iiaa?oiinoe (ioeeiiaiey io
ia?aeeaeueiinoe, ia?iaiaeeeoey?iinoe, niiniinoe, neiiao?e/iinoe,
ia?ana/aiey inae, iiceoeeiiiia) e a iaeioi?uo neo/ayo ioeeiiaiea oi?iu
iiaa?oiinoe (ioeeiiaiea io ieineinoiinoe, i?yiieeiaeiinoe ia
i?aaeoanoaothuai ia?aoiaea)

?i - iia?aoiinoue onoaiiaee caaioiaee ia auiieiyaiii ia?aoiaea.

Ii?yaeie auiieiaiey ?an/aoa

1. I?inoaaeyai a oaaeeoea (eieiiea ?9) aeiionee ia aeeaiao? ????aeey
anao iia?aoeee ii eaaeeoaoai oi/iinoe.

i?iaeaea/au?oaea - IT14

/a?iiaia oi/aiea - IT12

iieo/enoiaia oi/aiea - IT11

/enoiaia oi/aiea - IT8

2. I?inoaaeyai a eieiieao ?2 e ?3 cia/aiey oa?ioiaaoinoae Rz e aeoaeiu
aeaoaeoiiai neiy h aeey anao iia?aoeee.

3. Iaoiaeei ioeeiiaiea oi?iu iiaa?oiinoe 1 iia?aoeee. A nayce n
i?iaeaeie/au?oaeie aoaeao ia?aciauaaoueny eiioniinoue, eioi?ay
ianeaaeoaony ia anao aeaeueiaeoeo oaoiieiae/aneeo ia?aoiaeao. Aaee/eia
eiioniinoe (a % io S - oieueiu eenoa, i?e S =4 ii): i?iaeaea/au?oaea -
10% = 400 iei

iei



Iaoiaeei i?ino?ainoaaiiia ioeeiiaiea p = Ko* aeey ioaeaeueiuo iia?aoeee
(Eo - eiyo. ooi/iaiey, ii [2], n. 190, oaae. 29) e i?inoaaeyai a
oaaeeoea (eieiiea ?4)

/a?iiaia oi/aiea - ?=0.06*400=24 iei

iieo/enoiaia oi/aiea - ?=0.05*400=20 iei

/enoiaia oi/aiea - ?=0.04*400=16 iei



4. Iaoiaeei i?eionee ii iia?aoeeyi: /a?iiaia oi/aiea - z1=2040 iei

iieo/enoiaia oi/aiea - z2=448 iei

/enoiaia oi/aiea - z3=240 iei

I?inoaaeyai aeaiiua a oaaeeoeo (eieiiea ?6)

5.Iaoiaeei Dimin = D(i+1)min - Z(i+1). I?inoaaeyai aeaiiua a oaaeeoeo
(eieiiea ?7)

6.Iaoiaeei Dimax= Dimin + ITi. I?inoaaeyai aeaiiua a oaaeeoeo (eieiiea
?8).

7. Ie?oaeyai cia/aiey Dimin e Dimax n oie oi/iinoueth, n eioi?ie caaeai
ia enoiaeiii /a?oaaea o?aaoaiue ?acia?. I?inoaaeyai aeaiiua a oaaeeoeo
(eieiiee ?10, ?11).

8. Iaoiaeei i?aaeaeueiua i?eionee zimin e zimax: zimin = D(i+1)min -
Dimin (eieiiea ?13)

zimax = D(i+1)max - Dimax (eieiiea ?12)

Iaoiaeei noiia?iua i?aaeaeueiua i?eionee zimin =2728 iei e zimax = 2325
iei.

9. I?iaa?ea: zimin - zimax = Ocaa -Oaeao

2728 - 2325 = 430 - 27

403 = 403 ?an/aou i?eioneia e i?iiaaeooi/iuo ?acia?ia auiieiaiu
i?aaeeueii.

Ia?o?oo ia?aaioee

aeeaiao?a

?42h14Yeaiaiou i?eionea, iei?an/aoiua aaee/eiuAeiione ia auiieiyaiua
?acia?u, ieiI?eiyoua (ieii/aoaeueiua) ?acia?u caaioiaee ii
ia?aoiaeaiI?aaeaeueiue i?eione, iei12345678910111213Rzhp?i?eionea
ZiDminDmaxITDmaxDminZimaxZimini?iaeaea/au?oaea320300400--43,4244,4210004
4,4243,42--/a?iiaia oi/aiea10010024-204041,38426204241,3824202040
I?iaa?ea: zimax - zimin = Tcaa -Oaeao

2420 - 2040 = 1000 - 620

380 = 380 ?an/aou i?eioneia e i?iiaaeooi/iuo ?acia?ia auiieiaiu
i?aaeeueii.



Ia?o?oo ia?aaioee oi?oeaaie iiaa?oiinoe

3h14Yeaiaiou i?eionea, iei?an/aoiua aaee/eiuAeiione ia auiieiyaiua
?acia?u, ieiI?eiyoua (ieii/aoaeueiua) ?acia?u caaioiaee ii
ia?aoiaeaiI?aaeaeueiue i?eione, iei12345678910111213Rzhp?i?eionea
ZiLminLmaxITLmaxLminZimaxZimini?ieao200200--3,153,372203,373,15--/a?iiai
a oi/aiea100100-4002,75325032,75370400I?iaa?ea: zimax - zimin = Tcaa -
Oaeao

370 - 400 = 220 - 250

-30 = -30 ?an/aou i?eioneia e i?iiaaeooi/iuo ?acia?ia auiieiaiu
i?aaeeueii.

Ia ana inoaeueiua iiaa?oiinoe iia?aoeeiiiua i?eionee i?eieiathony
aiaeiae/iuie.

?an/ao ?aaeeiia ?acaiey.



Aeoaeia ?acaiey t: i?e /a?iiaie ia?aaioea (i?aaeaa?eoaeueiie) iacia/atho
ii aiciiaeiinoe iaeneiaeueioth t, ?aaioth anaio i?eioneo ia ia?aaioeo
eee aieueoae /anoe aai; i?e /enoiaie (ieii/aoaeueiie) ia?aaioea - a
caaeneiinoe io ?acia?ia e oa?ioiaaoinoe ia?aaioaiiie iiaa?oiinoe.

Iiaea/a S: i?e /a?iiaie ia?aaioea auae?atho iaeneiaeueii aiciiaeioth
iiaea/o, enoiaey ec aeanoeinoe e i?i/iinoe nenoaiu NIEAe, iiuiinoe
i?eaiaea noaiea, i?i/iinoe oaa?aeinieaaiie ieanoeiee e ae?oaeo
ia?aie/eaathueo oaeoi?ia; i?e /enoiaie ia?aaioea - a caaeneiinoe io
o?aaoaiie oi/iinoe e oa?ioiaaoinoe ia?aaioaiiie iiaa?oiinoe.

Nei?inoue ?acaiey v: ?ann/eouaatho ii yiie?e/aneei oi?ioeai,
onoaiiaeaiiui aeey eaaeaeiai aeaea ia?aaioee, eioi?ua eiatho iauee aeae

.

Cia/aiey eiyooeoeeaioa Nv e iieacaoaeae noaiaie, niaea?aeaueny a yoeo
oi?ioeao, oae aea eae e ia?eiaea noieeinoe O eino?oiaioa, i?eiaiyaiiai
aeey aeaiiiai aeaea ia?aaioee, i?eaaaeaiu a oaaeeoeao aeey eaaeaeiai
aeaea ia?aaioee. Au/eneaiiay nei?inoue ?acaiey o/eouaaao eiie?aoiua
aeoaeiu ?acaiey, iiaea/e e noieeinoe e aeaenoaeoaeueia i?e ii?aaeaeaiiuo
oaaee/iuo cia/aieyo ae?oaeo oaeoi?ia. Iiyoiio aeey iieo/aiey
aeaenoaeoaeueiiai cia/aiey nei?inoe ?acaiey v n o/aoii eiie?aoiuo
oiiiyioouo oaeoi?ia aaiaeeony iii?aai/iue eiyooeoeeaio Ev. Oiaaea
aeaenoaeoaeueiay nei?inoue ?acaiey v=voa*Ev, aaea Ev - i?iecaaaeaiea
?yaea eiyooeoeeaioia. Aaaeiaeoeie ec ieo, iaueie aeey anao aeaeia
ia?aaioee, yaeythony:

Eiv - eiyooeoeeaio, o/eouaathuee ea/anoai ia?aaaouaaiiai iaoa?eaea;

Aeey nieaaa 32IEAe: Eiv =0,5(i?e ia?aaioea ?acoeaie ec auno?i?aaeouae
noaee; Eiv=1.22 i?e ia?aaioea o?acaie.

Eiv - eiyooeoeeaio, io?aaeathuee ninoiyiea iiaa?oiinoe caaioiaee;

Eiv = 0.9 aeey caaioiaee ec i?ieaoa.

Eev - eiyooeoeeaio, o/eouaaathuee ea/anoai iaoa?eaea eino?oiaioa.

Eev = 1,0 aeey eino?oiaioaeueiiai iaoa?eaea aeey O15E6.

Noieeinoue O - ia?eiae ?aaiou eino?oiaioa aei caooieaiey, i?eaiaeeiue
aeey ?acee/iuo aeaeia ia?aaioee, niioaaonoaoao iaeiieino?oiaioiie
ia?aaioee.



?ann/eoaai ?aaeeiu ?acaiey.



?anoa/eaaiea. Aeeaiao? ioaa?noey a caaioiaea 7,8H7.



?aaeei, auaea?aeeaaaiue ?acia??aaeei ?acaieyIia?aoiinoue aace?iaaieyt,
iis, ii/iav, i/iei[]/a?iiaia oi/aiea, 7,0I1220,455-iieo/enoiaia oi/.,
7,5I910,560-/enoiaia oi/aiea, 7,8I70,30,0560-

Oi/aiea. Aeeaiao? caaioiaee 12f9.

?aaeei, auaea?aeeaaaiue ?acia??aaeei ?acaieyIia?aoiinoue aace?iaaieyt,
iis, ii/iav, i/iei[]/a?iiaia oi/aiea, 13,f1220,540-iieo/enoiaia oi/.,
12,5f90,50,560-/enoiaia oi/aiea, 12f90,30,560-

O?aca?iaaiea ieia ?acia?ii 6,6H12x4,2H12 eiioeaaie o?acie

?aaeei, auaea?aeeaaaiue ?acia??aaeei ?acaieyIia?aoiinoue aace?iaaieyt,
iis, ii/iav, i/iei[]/a?iiaia o?aca?iaaiea, 6,6H12, 4,2H12, 7, 1,50,0115-

Naa?eaiea ioaa?noey 6+0,2.

?aaeei, auaea?aeeaaaiue ?acia??aaeei ?acaieyIia?aoiinoue aace?iaaieyt,
iis, ii/iav, i/iei[]Naa?eaiea 610,240-

O?aca?iaaiea iaca oe?eiie 2,3H12 eiioeaaie o?acie

?aaeei, auaea?aeeaaaiue ?acia??aaeei ?acaieyIia?aoiinoue aace?iaaieyt,
iisz, ii/coav, i/iei[]Oe?eia 2,3H12, 5,71,50,0115-























































IicIaicia/aieaIaeiaiiaaieaEieI?eia-/aieaAeaoaee1Ieeoa12Noieea13Caaeei14I
eeoa oa?e?iaaiiay1Noaiaea?oiua ecaeaeey5Iee?iiao? /aniaiai oeia
E*-101106Aeio I6o20 AINO 1491-5817Aeio I8 AINO 1491-5818Aeio I10 AINO
1491-58Eo?niaie i?iaeo







EciEeno .N aeieoiaioaIiaeienueAeaoa ?ac?aa.Ae?iaiaicEeoa?a.
EenoEenoia I?iaa?.Ecia?eoaeueiia







i?eniiniaeaiea Ooa.



Nienie eeoa?aoo?u.



1. Naaaoaeyi A. ?., ?oaeaiei I. ?., Iaca?ia I. A. Aiaeec
oaoiieiae/iinoe eiino?oeoeee aeaoaeae i?eai?ia, ecaioiaeaiiuo iaoiaeaie
ia?aaioee iaoa?eaeia ?acaieai.

CAI Eioi?i-ciaiea MSC, I. 1995.



2. Ni?aai/iee oaoiieiaa-iaoeiino?ieoaey a 2 oiiao. Oii 1. (iiae
?aaeaeoeeae e.o.i. Eineeiaie A. A. e Iaua?aeiaa ?. E.) I.,
Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1985.



3. Ni?aai/iee oaoiieiaa-iaoeiino?ieoaey a 2 oiiao. Oii 2. (iiae
?aaeaeoeeae e.o.i. Eineeiaie A. A. e Iaua?aeiaa ?. E.) I.,
Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1985.



4. Oeuaiei I. O., Aanaeiaa A. A., Ia?ueiaa I. E. Ioi?ieaiea ?aai/eo
/a?oaaeae aeaoaeae e oceia. I., IAOO, 1986.



5. Coaoeia I. A., Ci?ei I. E. Ooaiiiaea-au?oaea e?oiiiaaaa?eoiuo
aeaoaeae. I., Iaoaec, 1955.



6. Aaee?ia ?. E., Na?aa?aieoeeee I. I. I?ia?aiie?iaaiea ia?aaioee ia
noaieao n *IO. I., Iaoe?ino?iaiea, 1990.



7. Aaee?ia ?. E. E?aoeee ni?aai/iee eiino?oeoi?a. Eaieia?aae,
Iaoe?ino?iaiea, 1983.



8. Eaaei E. ss. Ni?aai/iee eiino?oeoi?a oi/iuo i?eai?ia. I., Iai?iiaec,
1962.



9. Iauaoaoie/aneee ni?aai/iee. (iiae ?aaeaeoeeae e. o. i. Nei?ioiaeiaa
A. A.) I., Iaoeiino?iaiea, 1989.
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